Comparison of Platos The Last Days of Socrates and Hesses Siddhartha

Comparison of Platos The Last Days of Socrates and Hesses Siddhartha The Last Days of Socrates and Siddhartha are sources that reveal information about religious or philosophical ideas in the cultures that they rivet on. While vast differences exist between the Greek and Indian values that shape their philosophies, they make similar assumptions as they attempt to make sense of the world. collar the dichotomous relationship of the intellect and the body is integral to grasping the similarities and differences between the classical Greek and Indian paths because the way in which these concepts are understood defines the very nature of right. Socrates, the main character in The Last Days of Socrates, and Siddhartha, the central figure in Siddhartha, are both portrayed as learned manpower searching for truth. The author of The Last Days of Socrates, Plato, conceived the document as a representation of Socrates method of inquiry. Although it is a primary source from the period ( 429-347 B.C.E.), the reader moldiness consider that The Last Days of Socrates is a re-creation of events that may have happened, not a verbatim account. Siddhartha is a secondary source that explains an Indian philosophical journey through the perspective of a twentieth century German author. Thus, unrivaled must consider the authors bias towards his subject and remember that the ideas presented are one scholars interpretation of the legend. By attempting to compare and contrast both sources approaches to truth, one can make some observations about the way Greek and Indian cultures view truth keeping in mind that the sources each merely represent one account of the historical events and ideas. Intrinsic to Siddhartha and Socrates searche... ...th. By becoming aware of the separation of the soul and the body, the indestructible and immortal nature of the soul, and the impossibility of the soul understanding truth while bound to the body, one can begin to understand how this dichot omy has make Indian and ancient Greek philosophy. Works Cited Baumer, Franz. Hermann Hesse. New York Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1970. Field, G.W. Hermann Hesse. Boston Twayne Publishers, 1970. Hesse, Herman. Siddhartha. Dover Publications, 1998. Plato, The Last Days of Socrates. Trans. Hugh Tredennick and Harold Tarrant. London Penguin, 1993. Welch, Carolyn Roberts. Cliffs Notes on Hesses Steppenwolf and Siddhartha. Lincoln Cliffs Notes Inc., 1973. Ziolkowski, Theodore. The Novels of Hermann Hesse A report card in Theme and Structure. Princeton Princeton University Press, 1965.

The Ozone :: Essays Papers

The Ozone Ozone derives from the greek word ozein which means to smell. It was first discovered in 1839 by Christian Friedrick Schonbein who noticed it because of its distinctive acrid smell. He discovered this at the University of Basel in Switzerland. Ozone is merely oxygen, but not the type we breath. Ozone, O3 has three compounds while oxygen has unless two. Ozone is reac- tive, meaning it does not stay still, and wants to go back to its original state, with two compounds, O2. This is why ozone isharmful. Ozone always wants to let go of its third compound, and if this compound reacts with other substances, it could be damaging, especially to humans. When discussing with the ozone layer, one should know the four major atmosphere levels on earth. The troposphere which is between zero and fifteen kilometers in altitude and has tempera- ture ranges from two hundred to two hundred ninety kelvins. The second is the stratosphere which ranges from fifteen to approxi- mately fifty kilom eters in altitude and has temperature ranges from two hundred to two hundred fifty kelvins. The third level in the atmosphere is mesosphere. This level ranges from fifty to eighty-five kilometers in altitude and has temperature rangesbetween one hundred eighty and two hundred fifty kelvins. Finally, the thermosphere is the final level in the atmosphere. Its range is eighty-five to one hundred forty kilometers and also temperatures as high as four hundred sixty kelvins.Society has been widely communicate with the many problems that we are having in our environment today. A major problem is that of CFCs. CFC stands for Chlorofluorocarbons which are found in many of the aerosol spray cans. In December of 1973, Rowland and Molina discovered that CFCs can destroy the ozone in the stratosphere. In June 1975, the Natural Resources Defence Council (NRDC) sued the Consumers Product Safety Commission for a band of CFCs used in aerosol spray cans. United Statess fifth largest manufacturers of aerosol sprays announced that they will reduce the amount of CFCs used in there products. But as things started to nominate better, The Consumer Product Safety Commission rejected NRDCs law suit in July stating that there was insufficient evidence towards the amount of harm the CFCs were doing to the ozone layer. On September 1976, a report was released which re-enforced Rowland and Molinas hypothesis, but also stated that the govern- ment action on CFC regulations should be postponed.

oF MICE AND MEN :: essays research papers

Of Mice and Men is a novel of defeated hope and harsh reality of the American Dream. However, irrespective of how much one may hope and strive to reach it, the American Dream does not always provide complete fulfill workforcet.Of Mice and Men takes place in America during the Great Depression of the 1930s. Formerly known as the land of opportunity and fortune, America had soon earned the label of being the complete opposite. It was during this prison term that many migrant workers moved their family west in search for the American Dream.The American Dream there are similarities that are in most sights dreams regardless of when they lived or who they are. Most massess dream includes being happy, healthy, and surrounded by loved ones. However, dreams often differ in the aspect that some people may want to work hard, be healthy and have great financial success, while others dream of living off the land they work on and doing enough work to survive, while still remaining healthy and happy. be the best of friends, George and Lennie are different in many aspects yet they both face to share one common goal to purchase a few acres of land they can call their own, an live off the fatta the lan ( Steinbeck, pg. 14). Being able to own a humble home, where they can work for themselves and be free of the torment and scrutiny of society. A place away from all the ignorance of the orthogonal world, where it seems Lennie was not meant to live. George and Lennies struggle for their tiny piece of the American Dream is best summed up by Crooks when he said that hes seen hundreds of men come by on the road an on the ranches, with their bindles on their back an that same damn thing in their hands. Hundreds of them. They come, an they quit an go on an all(prenominal) damn one of ems got a little piece of land in his head.

Mark Twain and Huckleberry Finn :: essays papers

Mark twain and huckabackleberry FinnIn 1884, Mark Twain wrote one of the most controversial andremembered novels in the world of literature, The Adventures ofHuckleberry Finn. Mark Twain was the pseudonym of SamuelLanghorne Clemens. He was born in Florida, Missouri, Nov. 30,1835. Twain was one of six children. This contributed to hisfamily being poor. Twain often had to find inexpensive forms ofentertainment. Twain made Huckleberry Finn represent himfictionally in this book. Huck did the same typical boy things asTwain. Now, well start this band of robbers and call it... wasone of the things Huck said (Twain 9). When Twain was four yearsold, his family moved to Hannibal, Missouri, a small town on thewest bank of the Mississippi River. The Mississippi River and thetowns along it were used as the setting in The Adventures ofHuckleberry Finn. We judged that three nights more would make forus to Cairo, at the bottom of Illinois, where the Ohio River comesin (Twain 106). Huc k and Jim were trying to reach a town namedCairo. It was located in a free state, Ohio. Cairo was on the dot oneof the many towns Twain referred to in this novel. Twain evenused familiar dialects in his novel. He stated at the beginningof the novel, the Missouri negro dialect the extremest form ofthe backwoods Southwestern dialect the ordinary Pike Countydialect... are used to wit... (Twain 1). In this book, as theytraveled down the Mississippi River, the value of Huck and Jimwere contrasted against those of the people living in the southernUnited States. Huck (the narrator and one of the main characters)and Jim(another main character) were both trying to reach freedom.Twain based this book on things that were happening during this time inhis life. Huck was introduced without a father in his life. Twainsfather had died when he was about Hucks age in the book. Twainportrayed religion and the morals of the southern society with satire.The men took their guns to church ... a nd kept them between theirknees... (Twain 142) was just one example. In the time of Twainslife that he wrote this novel, the Civil War had just ended. The warhad tested societys morals. The issue of slavery was important toTwain which was the reason morals were portrayed in this way.The freedom and relaxation of the river soon gave way to the

Madness and Insanity in Shakespeares Hamlet - Both a Sane and Insane Hamlet :: GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Hamlet

Sane or Insane juncture Support for both(prenominal) Positions Shakespe ars tragic hero, Hamlet, and his sanity can arguably be discussed. Many portions of the play supports his loss of control in his actions, while other parts uphold his ability of dramatic art. The issue can be discussed both ways and altogether provide significant support to either theory. There are indications from Hamlet end-to-end the play of his minds well being.Hamlets antic disposition may have caused him in certain times that he is in a roleplay. Hamlet has mood swings as his mood changes abruptly throughout the play. Hamlet appears to act mad when he hears of his fathers murder. At the time he speaks wild and whirling wordsWhy, right you are I the right And so, without more circumstance at all, I hold it fit that we shake hands and part... Act I, scene V, lines 127-134. It seems as if there are two Hamlets in the play, one that is sensitive and an ideal prince, and the insane barbaric Hamlet who from an outburst of passion and rage slays Polonius with no feeling of remorse, Thou wretched, rash, intruding fool, farewell / I took thee for thy better. Take thy fortune/ Thou findst to be too busy is some danger.- Act III. scene IV, lines 31-33 and then talks about lugging his guts into a nonher room. After Hamlet kills Polonius he will not tell anyone where the body is. Instead he assumes his ironic matter which others take it as rabies. Not where he eats, but where he is eaten. / A certain convocation of political worms a een at him. Act IV, scene III, lines 20-21If your messenger find him not there, seek him I th other place yourself. But, indeed, if you find him not within this month, you shall nose him as you go up the stairs into the lobby.Act IV, scene iii, lines 33-36.Hamlets behavior throughout the play, especially towards Ophelia is inconsistent. He jumps into Ophelias grave, and fights with Laertes in her grave. He professes I love Ophelia. Forty thousand brothers/Could n ot, with all their quantity of love,/ Make up my sum Act V, scene I, lines 250-253, during the fight with Laertes in Ophelias grave, but he tells her that he never love her, when she returns his letters and gifts, while she was still alive. Hamlet subtly hints his awareness of his dissolving sanity as he tells Laertes that he killed Polonius in a fit of madness Act V, scene II, lines 236-250

Madness and Insanity in Shakespeares Hamlet - Both a Sane and Insane Hamlet :: GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Hamlet

Sane or Insane Hamlet Support for both Positions Shakespeares tragical hero, Hamlet, and his sanity can arguably be discussed. Many portions of the take over supports his loss of control in his actions, while other parts uphold his ability of outstanding art. The issue can be discussed both ways and altogether provide significant support to either theory. There are indications from Hamlet throughout the play of his minds well being.Hamlets antic disposition may have caused him in certain times that he is in a roleplay. Hamlet has bodily fluid swings as his mood changes abruptly throughout the play. Hamlet appears to act mad when he hears of his fathers murder. At the time he speaks wild and whirling wordsWhy, proficient you are I the right And so, without more circumstance at all, I hold it fit that we shake hands and part... Act I, guessing V, lines 127-134. It seems as if there are two Hamlets in the play, i that is sensitive and an ideal prince, and the insane barbaric Ham let who from an outburst of passion and rage slays Polonius with no feeling of remorse, Thou wretched, rash, intruding fool, farewell / I took thee for thy better. develop thy fortune/ Thou findst to be too busy is some danger.- Act III. scene IV, lines 31-33 and then talks about lugging his guts into another room. After Hamlet kills Polonius he will not tell anyone where the body is. Instead he assumes his ironic matter which others take it as madness. Not where he eats, but where he is eaten. / A certain convocation of political worms a een at him. Act IV, scene III, lines 20-21If your messenger find him not there, seek him I th other place yourself. But, indeed, if you find him not in spite of appearance this month, you shall nose him as you go up the stairs into the lobby.Act IV, scene iii, lines 33-36.Hamlets behavior throughout the play, especially towards Ophelia is inconsistent. He jumps into Ophelias grave, and fights with Laertes in her grave. He professes I loved Opheli a. forty thousand brothers/Could not, with all their quantity of love,/ Make up my sum Act V, scene I, lines 250-253, during the fight with Laertes in Ophelias grave, but he tells her that he never loved her, when she returns his earn and gifts, while she was still alive. Hamlet subtly hints his awareness of his dissolving sanity as he tells Laertes that he killed Polonius in a fit of madness Act V, scene II, lines 236-250

Discussion and Analysis Essay

Construct a good, solid essay of at least 3 full knaves which answers unity of the prompts below. In addition to consulting your lecture nones and textbook, you may find it helpful to consult the New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. I, which may be found in the Walsh Library abduce Room, call number D117. N48. Essays will be graded on content (clarity and coherence) as well as mechanics (grammar and spelling).Late papers will be significantly penalized and any paper later than 24 hours will NOT be accepted. Drafts of papers are to be submitted as hard (printed) copies to bothyour edit partner and me. Final versions of papers are to be submitted as hard (printed) copies to me you will alsoincludethe marked-up version of your draft. All papers must have 1 margins, be double spaced, and in Times New Roman or Garamond, size 10-12 font. Do not double-space your initial, first page heading.In supporting your observations, you will certainly need to point to specifics in the texts. Ho wever, you should not rely on direct quotations and should use them very sparingly. You may not use any quote lengthier than two sentences. No block quotations. Any essay that consists of more than one-quarter direct quotations will receive a D. You should learn how to nerve centre up examples in your own words, but be aware that changing only a few words of someone else is still considered plagiarism. Any cartridge holder you use a direct quotation or paraphrase something, you need to cite the material.This includes anything from the Chronicle text. For this second essay, your goal is to analytically read primary theme materials. As you read and begin to formulate your essay, consider some of the following questions who is this author? Why are they writing? What is the obvious, surface purpose of this document? Is at that place a purpose or conclusion that the author reaches which is not so obvious? What fundamental assumptions does the author have about his subject material? H ow do these assumptions influence or appear in the work, either explicitly or implicitly?How do the attitudes or perceptions of the subject matter change or rise over time? How does the historical context of each author influence his approach and treatment of his subject matter? These questions should be only the beginning of your head and you certainly are not restricted to them. Use them to formulate your own questions, and then use those questions to help you structure your essay. Often the best essays are built around thesis questions, not thesis statements.Primary source excerpts can be found in your Rosenwein reader or online at the Fordham Medieval Sourcebook and google books. This is a 3 page paper obviously you cannot use all the sources, however what you choose should make sense for your thesis.The CrusadesTactic IUsing the documents listed below, explore what prompt people to go on crusade to the Holy Land in the middle ages. Did their experiences match their expectati ons? Were they fulfilled, disappointed? How important was morale and how was it kept up? acknowledgment strengths and weaknesses of the source material and be sure to make connections between the sources.Tactic IIUsing the documents listed below, explore what we can learn about memory and variant groups interpretation of events. Address strengths and weaknesses of the source material and be sure to make connections between the sources.

Financial Markets in Pakistan Essay

A pecuniary market is a place for buying and selling of pecuniary securities such as stocks and bonds. It facilitates* The raising of capital (in the capital markets)* The transfer of risk (in the derivatives markets* In matching those who want capital to those who have it. Financial Market in Pakistan consists of (i) M unrivalledy Market which provides short term funds and (ii) big(p) Market which makes long terms funds available to businesses and industries. The Financial market can be reclassified into (i) Primary Market in which new sh bes or bonds are issued and (ii) Secondary Market in which securities previously issued are traded such as Shares, Bonds, Commercial Papers, Options and interchangeable Fund. Of this, the banking sectors and non-banking sectors are regulated by the central bank, State Bank of Pakistan. While rest of the market ( subscribe, stock exchanges, modarba, mutual funds and redress) is regulaled by Secruities and Exchange foreign mission of Pakistan .FINANCIAL MARKETS AND THEIR ROLESCOMMERCIAL BANKSA type of bank providing checking and saving accounts, credit cards and business loans. Such a bank induces general public to sterilize their savings in the banks and offers a wide range of services such as* Deposit Mobilization* Money transfer* Financing Working Capital* Financing some different trade related mode (import and export)* Investing in government securities* Call silver operationsThese banks are of three categories (i) Public celestial sphere Banks, (ii) Private Bank and (iii) Foreign Banks.LEASE -FINANCE EQUIPMENTINVESTMENT BANKSInvestment banks perform a variety of functions. Primarily, they instigate corporations to raise equity-capital by underwriting the public issues. They also assist companies desiring of mergers and acquisition and derivatives. In addition, they provide services analogous trading of derivative, foreign exchange, fixed income instruments and shares listed on the stock exchanges. Such banks cannot take deposits. They manage their affairs by charging fees such as (i) retainer fee, (ii) advisory fees stolidd on the transactions, (iii) commission on underwriting and (iv) other financial services.PICIC was once a premier development in Pakitan but has merged with a commerical bank.BOND MARKET OUTLOOKDEVELOPMENT BANKSThese banks provide guidance in selection of industrial units and extend direct financial assistance to partly cover their financial requirements. Also, they engage themselves in promotional activities to attract investors towards neglected sectors by publishing brochures and research papers. Besides, they help in assessing feasibility of potential projects. Such banks are responsible for speeding up the pace of economic growth in the country in conformity with the national objectives, plans and priorities. Their pump functions are* Direct financial assistance* Catalytic function* Mobilization of domestic savings* Ensuring balance regional and industrial g rowth* Expanding entrepreneurial base by encourage new comersAt one time, on that point were 14 Development Banks in Pakistan. However, most of them have been closed one afterward another(prenominal) as their bad debts mounted up. It is natural as they take substantial risks in promoting new types of industrial projects in underdeveloped areas sponsored preferably by new-comers. Nevertheless, their parcel brings fruits to the economy in the shape of successful industrial units and transfer of technology. At present, 8 development banks are operating which mostly are joint-venture with other Muslim Countries.MICROFINANCE BANKA microfinance bank would cater to the credit needs of poor households and their small enterprises. Thus microfinance bank provide credit to those poor who are not considered creditworthy by the commercial banks and other financial institutions. On the other hand, the microfinance bands recognize every single human being as a potential and creditworthy entrepr eneur. In addition, they provide basic training in start of a small business, simple book-keeping and accounting. The main aim of microfinance institutions is alleviation of poverty through helping poor persons to earn some money especially the women.ISLAMIC BANKSIn Islam, it is prohibited to charge interest on any loan. However, it is acceptable to reap on funds to a needy person or corporation for trade purpose in which case profit could be shared on an agreed basis whereas loss should be shared according to the funds invested. Besides, there are certain businesses where any form of deal is forbidden akin alcohols and pork. Accordingly, Islamic bank refer to a banking activity which is consistent with the Sharia, the Islamic Laws. Otherwise, there is no difference between the traditional banks and the Islamic bank.DISCOUNT HOUSESThese are firms which buys and discounts bills of exchange, banker acceptance, commercial paper, etc. Discount houses also tender for treasury bills, de al in short-dated government bonds, and are an important part of the short-term money markets.INSURANCE COMPANIESInsurance is a hedge against the risk of a contingent and uncertain loss. In other words, it is the equitable transfer of the risk of a loss, from one entity to another, in exchange for payment. For this service, the insurer charges a fee called premium depending upon the risk involved. Besides traditional insurance companies, there are many Islamic insurance companies in Pakistan known as Takaful operators. Takaful is an Islamic insurance concept based on mutual co-operation, responsibility, assurance, protection and assistance between groups of participants. These companies believe in promoting the urinate of Takaful as well as promoting the insurance business in a Shariah Compliant i.e. halal and absolutely Riba-Free insurance.STOCK EXCHANGESStock exchange is a place where securities are bought and sold. Such securities include shares, derivative, unit trusts and bond s. It also provides facilities for the issue and redemption of securities. Prices of shares and bonds are influenced by their demand and supply like in other commodities. In order to list a security on the stock exchange, there are certain requirements. Transactions in the stock exchange are conducted by members notwithstanding. Stock exchange serves both as a primary market for the initial public offerings and as a secondary market for their ulterior buying and selling Investors are not bound to sell stock or bond through the stock exchange. They can directly deal with the seller. Similarly, there is no compulsion that stock must be traded on the exchange. The securities can change ownership out of the exchange which is called over the counter or take dealings.LEASINGIt is a contract where owner of an asset agrees to allow someone to use it for a fixed rental. It can be for fixed or indefinite catch of time. It is a binding contract which sets out terms of lease agreement betwe en the owner and the user. Leases are of various types mainly (i) a financial lease and (ii) an operating lease. The financial lease is long-term and non-cancellable contract where the user assumes some of the risks of ownership and has the right to keep the assets or get it transferred to its own name after fulfilling the necessary conditions. In operating lease, the owner transfer only the right to use the assets which is returned back at the end of the lease. There are some other types especially in the aircraft industry like wet lease and dry-lease and. In wet lease, a company agrees to provide an aircraft along with pilot and crew and would be responsible for the maintenance of the aircraft. Dry lease, on the other hand, refers to leasing only the aircraft.MODARBAIf is a form of partnership which has two distinct parties (i) the financier and (ii) the manager. The financer takes no part of centering of the business. The profits are distributed among the subscriber while the ma nager is paid the usual salary. Modarba is one the modes of Islamic finance. It is like mutual fund minus its un-Islamic features. Not only in Pakistan, the Islamic financial services industry has witnessed a phenomenal growth all over the Islamic world. In particuar, the Modaraba Sector has been able to effect a market niche for itself in the corporate sector. This model is enjoying a unique recognition due to its well designed structure with proper rules and regulations delineate by the regulators. It has proved its resilience in this time of global financial turmoil.MUTUAL FUNDIt is a professionally managed type of pooled investment for acquiring securities like stocks, bonds, marketable securities and commodities. The profit is distributed by way of dividend to all investors. Financial market in Pakistan experienced boom conditions in1991 due to liberalization policies of the government. There was a heterogeneous increase in the physical body of listed companies number of co mmercial banks, local and foreign and financial instruments like commercial paper.But it has still to develop and a number of suggestions have been made * The public sector should reduce its dependence on State Bank of Pakistan. * The infrastructure projects should be financed through domestic bonds of longer maturities (10-20 years). * The financial sectors (capital markets, micro credit, banking and non-banking sector) should have a better and more clearly delineated division of responsibilities. * Foreign institutional investors should be encouraged to take up (i) head-to-head equity funds, (ii) private pension funds, (iii) provident and gratuity funds and (iv) Real Estate Investment Trusts. * Mortgage financing should be encouraged.

History of La Cosa Nostra

Running Header History of La Cosa Nostra History of La Cosa Nostra UNK Dr. Neal CJ 380 12. 01. 2011 Envision a initiation where offensive activity is king a world where mobsters were more influential than political figures, controlled law enforcement, and ran cities to line their take pockets. They stole from whom they wanted and murdered those that got in their way. spot it sounds like something come on of a movie, it actually happened here in the United States in the first half of the 20th century.The American maffia has evolved over the historic period as various gangs assumed and lost dominance the blacken Hand gangs around 1900 the Five Points Gang in the 1910s and 20s in virgin York City Al Capones Syndicate in Chicago in the 1920s. Since the 1900s, thousands of Italian organized crime figures, mostly Sicilian Mafiosi, have numerate illegally to this coun testify. The Italian Immigrants crowd into older lower class neighborhoods of American cities, sometimes given nam es such as Little Italy. These neighborhoods suffered from overcrowding and poor sanitary conditions.Living together in such closed communities created little more than a microcosm of the society they had left in Europe (par. 3, Black Hand). Some lamentables exploited this fact, and began to extort the more gilt Italians in their neighborhood creating a crime that would so fartually snow-ball into an epidemic known as The Black Hand (par. 3, Black Hand). The extortions were done anonymously by delivering terrorening letters demanding money, signed with crudely drawn symbols, such as a knife or a skull. People paid the Black Hand extortionists in the fear that American law had no understanding, or power, to help them (par. , Black Hand). Many who fled here in the early 1920s helped assemble what is known today as La Cosa Nostra or the American Mafia (par. 10, FBI). La Cosa Nostra, or the LCN as it is known by the FBI, consists of different families or groups that atomic number 18 generally arranged geographically and engaged in significant and organized racketeering activity (par. 30, FBI). The LCN is most active in the New York metropolitan area, separate of New Jersey, Philadelphia, Detroit, Chicago, and New England. It has members in other major cities and is involved in international crimes (par. 1, FBI). During the 1920s Prohibition era, when the 18th Amendment to the U. S. Constitution banned the sale, manufacture and exile of alcoholic beverages, Italian-American gangs along with other ethnic gangs entered the booming bootleg liquor business and transformed themselves into sophisticated criminal enterp cosmetic surgerys, skilled at smuggling, money launder and bribing police and other public officials (par 2, History Channel). By the end of the 20s, two primary factions had emerged, leading to a war for control of organized crime in New York City.The murder of faction leader Joseph Masseria brought an end to the gang warfare and in 1931 Sicilian- born crime boss Salvatore Maranzano crowned himself the capo di tutti capi, or boss of all bosses, in New York (par 3, History Channel). Two of the most powerful La Cosa Nostra families, known today as the Genoese and Gambino families emerged from Maranzanos restructuring efforts. Maranzano named Luciano the first boss of what would later be known as the Genovese family. Unhappy with Maranzanos power grab, Lucky Luciano had him murdered that same year (par 3, History Channel). Charles Lucky Luciano became the new leader.Luciano then masterminded the brass of a central organization called the Commission to serve as a sort of national board of directors for the American Mafia, which by then consisted of at to the lowest degree 20 crime families across the country (par 3, History Channel). New York, which had become Americas organized-crime capital, had been divided into five main Mafia families everywhere else the Mafia operated, there was just one crime family per city. The Commiss ions role was to set policies and mediate disagreements among the families (par 3, History Channel). In 1936, Luciano was sentenced to 30 to 50 years in prison.Ten years later, he was released from prison and deported to Italy, never to return. When he was convicted, Frank Costello became acting boss (par. 49, FBI). Costello led the family for approximately 20 years until May of 1957 when Genovese took control by sending soldier Vincent the Chin Gigante to murder him. Costello survived the attack but relinquished control of the family to Genovese. Attempted murder charges against Gigante were dismissed when Costello ref customd to identify him as the shooter (par. 50, FBI). In 1959, it was Genoveses turn to go to prison following a conviction of conspiracy to violate narcotics laws.He received a 15-year sentence but continued to run the family through his underlings from his prison cell in Atlanta, Georgia (par. 51, FBI). The Genovese family went through a succession of bosses until Lombardo, his two captains in prison and his health failing, glowering full control of the Genovese family over to Gigante, the man who tried to kill Costello 30 years earlier (par. 56, FBI). Gigante ran the family from behind the scenes enchantment pretending to be mentally ill until he was convicted of racketeering and murder conspiracy in December 1997.Gigantes odd behavior and mumbling tour he walked around New Yorks East Village in a bathrobe earned him the nickname the Odd Father (par. 58, FBI). The other powerful New York mafia family was the Gambino Family. The Gambino family was named for its most powerful boss, Carlo Gambino, a smart, cunning individual with a fascination for the works of Prince Machiavelli. His sharp business sense, and traditional values, earned him the respect of his allies. wear turn out Carlo was never arrested during his career as boss, and he died of natural causes in 1976, leaving brother-in-law Paul Castellano in charge of operations.From 19 76 until his assassination by John Gotti in 1985, Castellano would come to be known as the Boss of Bosses. Big Paulie Castellano was never a mobster in the classic sense, but rather a racketeer. He didnt even hang out with other gangsters, preferring the company of businessmen, and other important individuals. Castellano had few enemies, but John Gotti believed Aniello Dellacroce should have been made boss, and he had often been chastised by Castellano for traffic drugs and conducting operations without prior consultation.When Big Paulie was arrested by the FBI later on bugs planted in the mobsters home had supportd several hours of recorded evidence, rumors began to circulate as to whether he would rat out fellow Gambino Family members, John Gotti, now acting in lieu of Dellacroce who had recently died of brain cancer, decided it was time to plan Big Paulies retirement (par. 1, Gambino Family/Paul Castellano). Castellano was gunned atomic reactor outside Sparks Steakhouse in Ma nhatten as Gottie and Sammy the Bull Gravano watched from a nearby car. Throughout the 80s, Gotti earned the nickname, the Teflon Don for none of the charges brought against him would stickAt least(prenominal) until the early 90s, when he was indicted and tried on a RICO (Racketeer Influenced, and Corrupt Organizations) case this time facing a prosecution armed with mobster turned informant Sammy The Bull Gravano, who had been Gottis own underboss, and who provided damning testimony against his former boss, particularly about about the Castellano murder. Gotti was sentenced to life imprisonment, and later made several attempts at a second trial, all of which were denied. John Gotti died of cancer in the Springfield, Missouri federal prison hospital, on June 10th, 2002 (par. 1, Gambino Family/ John Gotti).Another of the five families is the Bonanno crime family, originally headed by then twenty-six-year-old Joseph Joe Bananas Bonanno, Sicilian-born and one of the youngest bosses of all time. The Bonanno War or Banana Split occurred when the Commission demoted Bonanno to underboss, sparking fervent family in-fighting among those who sided with Bonanno and those who sided with the new boss, Paul Sciacca. The fighting continued until 1968, when Bonanno suffered a disembodied spirit attack and retired, though by this point the Commission had stripped the Bonanno family of its seat (par. 3, Investigation and Discovery).Troubles with the law have plagued the family, leading one newspaper to report that 75 of its 150 members have been indicted on various charges (par. 5, Investigation and Discovery/ Bonanno). The Columbo Family is the fourth of the five families. Following the Castellamarese War of 1929-1931, the family emerged as the Profaci family. It was headed by Joseph Profaci, without much threat to his leadership, until the 1950s. After Profacis death, Joseph Magliocco took over for a short time before the family was handed over to Joe Colombo, and the family bears his namesake to this day (par. , Investigation and Discovery/ Columbo). The family has been greatly depleted from its heyday, and continues to be ruled by Carmine Persico, now 73 years old, from prison with help from those family members who remain on the ground (par. 6, Investigation and Discovery/ Columbo). The Fifth Family, the Lucchese crime family, as it is known today, emerged out of the Castellamarese War of 1929-1931, with Gaetano Tommy Gagliano serving as the appointed boss and Gaetano Tommy Lucchese as the appointed underboss.The family was known for its successful forays into industries such as trucking and clothing. Following Gaglianos death in 1953, Lucchese took over and successfully ran the organization for many years with an excellent reputation. He never received a criminal conviction in his 44 years in the Mafia (par. 1, Investigation and Discovery/ Lucchese). By the mid-20th century, there were 24 known crime families in America, comprised of an estimated 5,000 mature members and thousands of associates across the country.Prior to the 1960s, some government leaders, including FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover, voiced skepticism about the existence of a national Italian-American organized crime network and suggested or else that crime gangs operated strictly on a local level. As a result, law enforcement agencies made few inroads in stopping the Mafias rise during this period (par. 6, History Channel). Since its beginnings La Cosa Nostra has been involved in a variety of rackets including gambling, loan sharking, labor union corruption, prostitution, and drug trafficking to name a few.Labor unions provide a rich source for organized criminal groups to exploit their pension, welfare, and health funds. There are approximately 75,000 union locals in the U. S. , and many of them maintain their own benefit funds. In the mid-1980s, the Teamsters controlled more than 1,000 funds with total assets of more than $9 billion (par. 66, FBI). Labor ra cketeers attempt to control health, welfare, and pension plans by offering peach contracts, peaceful labor relations, and relaxed work rules to companies, or by rigging union elections (par. 67, FBI).Labor law violations occur primarily in large cities with both a strong industrial base and strong labor unions, like New York, Buffalo, Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, and Philadelphia. Senator Estes Kefauvers Special Committee to Investigate Organized Crime did not out rightly expose the complete, brutal reality of the Mafia to the American public. Nor did the Appalachian incident ignite immediate action on the part of the federal government. However, something changed when rafts of Mafia bosses met one 1957 November day at Joseph Barbaras estate to select Vito Genovese as the boss of bosses.The response by law enforcement of the past had been to try to take down the bosses. But what became evident with the realization of the existence of such a syndicate was that even if Mr. Big were removed, his family would remain intact it would simply reposition hands, usually resulting in the family being renamed. New legislation would have to be of an entirely different mold in order to be of any use to law enforcement, and such a campaign wouldnt come into play until after the death of FBI Director Edgar J. Hoover (par. 9, The Mafia and American Law).In 1970, relative passed the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act, this proved to be a powerful tool in the governments war on the Mafia, as it allowed prosecutors to go after crime families and their sources of revenue, both legal and illegal. During the 1980s and 1990s, RICO laws were used to convict numerous high-level mobsters. Some Mafiosi, faced with long prison sentences, broke the once-sacred encipher of omerta and testified against their fellow mobsters in exchange for a place in the federal witness-protection program.At the same time, Mafia membership declined as insular Italian-American neig hborhoods, once a traditional recruiting ground for mobsters, underwent demographic shifts and became more assimilated into society at large (par. 7, History Channel). References GangRule. com, The Black Hand. (2011). Retrieved 652, December 7, 2011, from http//www. gangrule. com/gangs/the-black-hand Italian Organized Crime, (2011). The Federal thorax of Investigation website. Retrieved 232, December 7, 2011, from http//www. fbi. ov/aboutus/investigate/organizedcrime/italian_mafia Mafia in the United States. (2011). The History Channel website. Retrieved 525, December 7, 2011, from http//www. history. com/topics/mafia-in-the-united-states. The Five Families. (2011). The Investigation Discovery website. Retrieved 232, December 7, 2011, from http//investigation. discovery. com/investigation/mobs-gangsters/five-families-03. html The Gambino Family. (2002). The Gambino Family website. Retrieved 652, December 7, 2011, from http//www. gambinofamily. com/carlo_gambino. htm

My Tub

A girl and her tub should not be messed with. My full-body slnklng hole with relaxing jets is my form of relaxation in this rat hunt down called life. Even though, I am surrounded by dirty clothes, piles of forgotten cosmetics and beauty products with plastic toy animals staring at me, I am alone. I lock the door and barricade myself from my husband, two small boys, phone calls, laundry, and life. I turn off the overhead light and let the natural sunrays from outdoor(a) come through the window.I might exfoliate the soles of my tired feet or I might run the dull razor up and down my hairy legs, simply mostly I Just sit. I close my eyes while putting up my feet and letting my mind race to an imaginary world where things are simple. I let the heat from the hot water steam up my glasses. I let the heat turn my skin pink from the extreme temperature differences in the room and melt away my stress and worries.The sweat runs down my face and mixes with the washed away make-up, dirt, and tears. It forms puddles and trickles down my body and drift away In the coarse pool. I conquer all of lifes dilemmas, family squabbles, and work stress on deserted island in the bathroom. And when it is over, I would like to think they all disappear down the fail for a temporary leave. This is my secret clubhouse that I retreat to for relief. My tub is my own and should not be messed with.

Apple Online Store Strategy

GROUP B _Choose three core competencies of orchard apple tree Inc. How did these competencies will orchard apple tree to make grit out of the recorded medical specialty industry in the early 200s? How did they set the company up for robust first user vantage? How stable do those advantage seem now? (See Jay Barneys Looking Inside for Competitive Advantage Zooks Finding Your Next Core Business). As the Internet based recorded music segment continues to evolve into other devices, will Apples competencies continue to generate advantage versus suc competitors as look for in Motion and Dell Inc.? Apple today is the leading player in the internet music industry with over 6 billion songs downloaded since the first appearance of its iTunes online music pedigree, which today contains more than 10 million songs. Apple introduced iTunes and its online music remembering in 2001 when there were several major players, much(prenominal) as amazon and Napster, competing for the market. Howev er, Apple was able to outperform these competitors with its three main core competencies, software, retailing and branding.In 2003, Apple introduced the iTunes online music store that allowed customers to leverage and download songs directly from the store to their computer through iTunes, and then transfer them directly to their iPods. By that time, most of Apples competitors offered their customers songs through subscriptions, however they did not provide customers full encounter of the songs they purchased, i. e. , songs purchased would be lost once customer no longer subscribed. Apple was able to offer customer a whole new way of exchange songs to customers.They allowed customers to buy songs like CDs, cassettes in store and never had their songs lost since there were no subscriptions required. In addition, Apple also allowed the customer to preview the songs they intended to purchase in order to avoid downloading the wrong songs. In order to be able to allow customers to purc hase songs for a low cost, Apple managed to negotiate a landmark deal with biggest five music companies in the world, Warner, Universal, BMG, Sony and EMI.Songs offered by Apple were using DRM (Digital Right Management) technology to prevent the songs to be unlimited shared. However, the songs could be employ to burn unlimited CDS and transferred to unlimited iPod. Since 2001, Apple had gained tremendous branding reputation for its iPod MP3 players. Since then, it has become the most popular MP3 player in the world. When iTunes online music store was introduced in 2003, Apple had provided an extremely convenient way for legally purchasing songs and transferring them directly to customers iPods.Therefore, Apples iTunes online music store was widely welcomed and accepted by a large number of customers. Apple was a pioneer in combining online music store and music management in one software that allow customers to conveniently purchase and manage their music. Since iTunes was introduc ed along with the first iPods, it has been well known for simplicity and user-friendly interface. Therefore, iTunes had largely contributed to the success of Apples online music store and the elimination of its competitors.As the internet based recorded music segment continues to evolve into other devices, Apple has taken another new strategies in selling music to customers. In June 2009, Apple has more than 10 million songs in its online music store, and since 2006, Apple started to take DRM off their songs and offer customers DRM-free songs. Eight million songs was DRM-free since June 2009 and Apple has been making effort to offer all of their songs free of DRM.Today, Apple does not have only iPod as their MP3 players, but they also have other devices such as iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch, that can all utilize the iTunes online music store. The introduction of iPhone and iPod Touch has provided Apple an opportunity to expand its iTunes store beyond a simple online music store to be come an online entertainment store, which offers numerous varieties of movies, music, TV episodes, games, applications and books. This has made Apple become the leading brand in innovative technology and its brand be has been going up in recent years.ITunes itself also has gone through remarkably improvement in order to offer customers a simpler, more raise and interactive way of browsing the online store. In general, despite intense competitions from other player such as Research in Motion and Dell Inc. , Apple has been able to outperform them and offer customers the most unique and efficient way of purchasing music and other online entertainment contents. This has been proved by growing stockpile prices, and increasing profit figures since Apple iTunes online music store was introduced in 2003.

‘An Inspector Calls’ – Coursework Creatvie Writing

Dear Mr Priestley,I have chosen to stage your dramatic play, An Inspector C in alls as I found it very appealing. The setting of the play was really attractive as it was written at the end of the Second public War. People wanted to entertain themselves after so much focus and stress during the War. So a play based on life 30 years ago was perfect. However, this play did more than just entertain. It is a intriguing play which encourages people to think slightly society and tariff.The audience in 1945 would have just experienced a terrible Second World War, with enormous loss and destruction. They would also be awargon of the First World War which was an earlier catastrophe. The fact that the play was set in 1912 before the First World War, means that the audience have additional knowledge of the world, un analogous the Birlings.As you have used the theme of responsibility, it reminded me that we all have responsibilities in our lives. There argon still people who are going to w ar without realising the consequences and the exertions on lives of innocent people. There are still people in the world nowadays who are starving while people who are extremely rich and getting richer by the minute take no note of the poor. There are people around us who are peddling drugs without thinking of its effect on countless children and members of the society.Throughout the play, the words amenable and responsibility are used by close to all the characters in the play at some point or the former(a). Each member of the family has a various attitude towards responsibility. There is a antagonistic pair when Mr Birlings responsibility towards Eva is uncaring, brutal and miserly while his son, Erics responsibility towards Eva is caring but nave and self-serving in a way. There is a resemblance between Mrs Birling and Shelia. Mrs Birling and Sheilas responsibility to Eva is somewhat similar as they both share and accept their guilt on Evas death.In real life, we all have different attitudes to responsibility for our parents, family, friends, work and school. In your play, you as the playwright, encourage people to seize the opportunity at the end of the war and give them a chance to build a better, more caring society. For example, just before the Inspector walks in to the Birling household unexpectedly, he creates a dramatic effect by his statement and the use of dramatic irony shocks the audience. The dramatic irony is Mr Birling who states that the Titanic get out not sink (which actually famously sink on its maiden voyage) and there will never be a World War as he states but actually the audience of 1945 had been through and through two World Wars the worlds developing so fast that itll make war impossible if we do not adopt your message of responsibility to each other.I loved the ending of the play. The ending leaves the audience on a cliff-hanger. Just when the family had started to feel that there had been no inspector coming to speak to th em about a suicide, the final telephone call is heard and announces that a real inspector is on his way to ask questions about a young girls suicide. The tension comes back flooding in. It is a surprising final twist.I was inspired to produce my own version of the play after having seen the National Theatre product of An Inspector Calls. I particularly liked the use of music because it created an effective atmosphere. I also liked the use of ignition because it is very attractive the lighting involves the audience into the play.There are two dramatic devices used in this version One is the setting the setting is a dramatic device as you have described the key setting such as Mr Birlings house in detail. The house looses up like a dolls house, we can hear the voices of the actors inner which creates an eeriness. The Inspector is in the street outside speaking, with children walking around as though they were homeless. The Inspector was dressed up in dark suit with an overcoat. lighter also makes an effect as it reflects the mood of the play.In my production of An Inspector Calls, some of the ideas I will be using are as follows a proscenium stage (I developed this idea from the very first act of the play where the stage directions mentioned the rising of curtains.) I will also use different background music for entrances of key characters, such as the Inspector who whitethorn be accompanied by sombre and heavy sounds of the organ and Mrs Birlings entry may be with a light piano with a chirping sound. My use of music will reinforce the message of the play by drawing attention when responsibility or society is being discussed. Spotlights will only be used in underlining the significance of the entrances of key characters.I have realised that the Inspectors final patois in the play is one of the most important moments in the play because this speech contains a wide range of rhetorical techniques which include the use of uncongenial pairs the rhythm of lang uage for example, the length of sentences, the effects of pauses. These techniques forces the characters in the play as well as the audience who are watching the play to rethink their arrangement of major issues like responsibility, truth and inclusiveness of all members of the society. As we are not alone in society, we have to think of the other members of the society with sympathy and compassion. He reminds everyone about the importance of responsibility and society.To direct the Inspectors final speech, I will start off with the argument between Mr. Birling, his wife and Eric about who is really trustworthy for Eva smiths death. Tension will rise by the effect of dramatic background music. Next, halfway through the argument, the Inspector says STOP really loudly as if he is commanding everyone present like a director and the background music will stop.Then, slowly, he will start his final speech. When the Inspector says One Eva Smith has gone but there are millions, he will use one finger to enhance the uniqueness of Eva and to include everyone he will open up his gird when he says millions. When he says but there are millions and millions and millions of Eva Smiths and John Smiths still left with us, he should open and merge his arms in a gesture to include everyone in the audience. By using repetition, he is showing the vast amount of people that will need stand by at some point in their lives.When he says, their hopes and fears, their suffering and chance of blessedness, we hear their as a repetitive word. with their lives, their hopes and fears, their suffering and chance of happiness, makes up a rhythm of the sentence by using their. This rhythm is effective because their is being repetitive. The phrase is an oxymoron because there are words that seem to be the opposite of each other and is also a contrastive pair as we see hopes and fears connect with suffering and chance of happiness. The phrases are reigning and memorable because they help involve the audience by using hopes and fears and suffering and chance of happiness.Next, when he says We dont live alone. We are members of one body. We are responsible for each other, he would give a dismissal look at the Birlings when he says We dont live alone and he point his finger at the family to say that We are members of one body. We are responsible for each other. The word We indicates that the Inspector is talking positively about society, responsibility and caring for others.hither we have an important listing of three things emphasising how nobody should be alone but be together, caring and being cared for. We and Millions being repeated here and are two of the key words in this speech. The Inspector wants to show us that we have to responsible for each other and care for others in society. The use of I in the sentence, And I tell you makes the audience feel the Inspector is sincere.There are negative moments in the speech as well then they will be taught in fire and b lood and anguish. indicates that the Inspector is talking negatively about the Birlings as they only care about themselves and not for others around them, which makes the Birlings selfish and rude. Fire and blood and anguish also makes a list of three things, a rhetorical technique which makes the speech both appealing and memorable.I would like to invite you to see my production. Thank you for taking the time to read my letter.Yours sincerely,Your name

Innovation: The Key to Achieve Organizational Sustainability Essay

IntroductionCurrently, the theory of sustainability has gained an international popularity not only in the more macro social and ecological level, but besides in the relatively micro organisational level. To be more specific, now it has become the uncomplicated goal of an organization to sustain a healthy and huge-term learning, or sustainable development. The mapping of institution in the organizational sustainability, however, is not yet firm partly because that the notion of plan is so elusive (Elke & Bos-Brouwers 2010). After a wide literature survey, in this essay it attempts to put forth and prove the system that innovation is the find out to crystallise organization sustainability.Organizational Sustainability and first appearance?As pointed out in the research book by Dunphy, Griffiths and Benn (2006), corporation has been the fundamental prison cell of modern economic life as it admits people much(prenominal) a huge physical wealth that is unthinkable for the generations before. The importance of corporation, however, leads to the question of how to maintain a sustainable development of corporation in order to achieve the sustainability of human society and the seed down. This is called corporation sustainability or organizational sustainability. Accordingly, one can see that in the literary sense, organizational sustainability is a sustainable and healthy development and maintenance of the organization to fulfill its goal to provide its members the financial returns and other kinds of outcomes in the long run. However, it is just one part of organizational sustainability.From a more profound perspective, it has the sustainability of human society and the plant as its ultimate goal. Human beings are lifespan in this earth for quite a long time and will continue to live in this plant on that pointfore, it is important to study the approaches to a sustainable development. Someone also link the organizational sustainability with enterpri se social responsibility. The two terms coincide in the point that they are both meant for a semipermanent development for the organization and human beings as well.Innovation, nevertheless, is much more elusive to define that organizational sustainability. Based on the broad survey, it is summarized that there areat least the following two indispensible aspects in the notion of innovation. For one thing, innovation is the concept of innovative thinking. It is deeply rooted in the members of an organization and reflected by the organizational culture. In the innovative culture, the opinions from multicultural backgrounds are welcomed and respected. For another thing, innovation also refers to the methods to bring about new and creative organizational changes through innovative methods, such as scientific innovation or institutional innovation. By adopting the innovative methods, it is possible to bring a significant change to an organization.Theoretical PerspectiveTo realize the pr imary importance of innovation of innovation in organizational sustainability, one has to find out the inherent link between them. Organizational sustainability is nothing standardised the previous production mode which puts extreme and even solo emphasis on the short and economic gains in an organization. It is aimed at a comprehensive development of economic returns, social welfare, ecological impact, and human development. The essence in this new mode of organization development lies in creative change or a fundamental change to the old-fashioned one. Therefore, the theoretical reasoning will be conducted from two aspectsinnovative mindset and innovation method.Innovative mindset, or innovative thinking, is of a vital importance for the possibility of organizational sustainability. As pointed out by Dunphy, Griffiths and Benn (2006), because of the unsustainability of some traditional organizational values and forms, one cannot achieve the sustainability of society and the plan t if they are not significantly reshaped. It is echoed from the research result by Weiss and Legrand (2011), who also conclude that to foster innovative thinking, or pinch a culture of innovation, is the key to ensure the implementation of sustainable measures in an organization. It is because sustainability approach is such a newly emerged organizational practice that one has to be spiritually innovative to charter this new idea.In the second place, sustainability in an organization is equally impossiblewhen no innovative methods can be put forth. It is true that the organization members should be of an innovative mindset. However, it is also important to work out measures to bring a highly efficient production while at the same time bring benefits to the society, such as technological process (Elke & Bos-Brouwers 2010). In this case, the embrace of multi-culture values is of great importance (Florea Cheung and Herndon 2013). New and innovative methods will come up when antithet ic or contrasting ideas are presented for discussion. In addition, apart from technological innovation, the institutional innovation can also result in organizational sustainability. An institutional administration that encourages the sustainability of an organization will definitely stimulate the members in it to make the best of their individual efforts to realize this goal.Empirical ApproachThe inherent link between innovation and organizational sustainability has been revealed in the above theoretical perspective. It is equally important to discuss this issue from an empirical approach. According to the research by Center for Sustainability Organization (n.d.), there has come out the research focus on Context-Based Sustainability, which interprets organizational performance not only from the economic perspective, but also relates it to social and ecological thresholds. It is also coincides to the discussion about organizational sustainability in the first part. And it is also d irectly linked to the organizational practices taken by Coca cola, who intends to realize the sustainability of the organization.In the Sustainability Innovation Summit held by Coca Cola Enterprise (2013), measures to achieve organizational sustainability are heatedly debated by delegates from scholars, entrepreneurs and government officials. In the end, conclusions have been reached that it is important to embrace disruptive approaches through innovation, collaboration and technology. The approaches to be adopted are disruptive because they are not at all similar to those before. Or rather, one major power call them innovative methods. However, in order to take these disruptive approaches, it is important to embrace innovation and technology. Technology is the result of innovation, to some extent, because there is no technological breakthrough without innovation. That isto say, innovation is the key in taking the disruptive approaches. And these approaches are for the purpose of o rganizational sustainability. It becomes clear that innovation plays such a key role in the realization of sustainability for an organization.ConclusionNowadays, the management of change has become one of the primary tasks for the leaders in an organization, because of the rapid change in economic clime and theoretical innovation in management. The concept of organizational sustainability, however, is also one of the major theoretical challenges to the previous out-of-mode organizational practices. It not only focuses on the short-term and economic outcomes from an organization, but also extends to the social welfare and individual benefits provided by the organization. Such a contrast to the old practices, it is important to realize the importance of innovation and make the best of it to realize the sustainability of an organization. Specifically speaking, on one hand, it is necessary to foster an innovative thinking among the members of the organization on the other hand, it is a lso all-important(a) to work out innovative methods to realize the goal of organization sustainability.ReferencesCenter for Sustainability Organization. (n.d.). Retrieved Apr. 9th, 2014, http//www.sustainablelifemedia.com/events/sb14/program/workshopsCoca Cola Enterprise. (2013). Sustainability Innovation Summit explores how organizations can think differently to drive the next era of sustainable business. updated Oct. 11th, 2013, retrieved Apr. 9th, 2014, http//www.cokecce.com/news-and-events/news/sustainability-innovation-summit-explores-how-organizations-can-think-differently-to-drive-the-next-era-of-sustainable-business-video-and-summaryDunphy D., Griffiths A. and Benn S. (2006). Organizational change for corporate sustainability. Retrieved from Routledge Talor & Francis Group, Apr. 9, 2014, http//www.sustenn.com/files/user_files/25_Frederic_Laloux/dunphyorganizational-change-for-corporate-sustainability.pdfElke H. and Bos-Brouwers J. (2010). Corporate sustainability and innov ation in SMEs evidence of themes and activities in practice. Business dodging and the Environment (retrieved from Database Wiley), Vol. 19, No. 7, pp. 417435Florea L., Cheung Y., and Herndon N. (2013). For all good reasons role of values in organizational sustainability. Journal of Business Ethics(retrieved from Database Jstor), Vol. 114, No. 3 (May 2013), pp. 393-408Weiss D. and Legrand C. (2011). Innovative Intelligence The fine art and Practice of Leading Sustainable Innovation in Your Organization. John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd., Ontario.

ICT Is An Opportunity For Children To Apply And Develop Their Knowledge And Capability

IntroductionWithin my setting, ICT is an opportunity for children to apply and develop their let and cap dexterity. With my helper, they set up research, question accuracy of sites and exchange and packet information together and by emails (we also sh atomic number 18 with a neighbouring school and present class blogs). Children are information the fundamentals of research and electronic media, with support, pleader and safeguarding programs. They develop ideas using tools to refine work, enhance quality and accuracy, accustom spell checks and thesaurus.These are just near of the general requirements from National Curriculum 1999, published by QCA. In conversation with my teacher, we noted how technology has changed rapidly. We implement ICT in Assembly, Role Play, across the curriculum and taking photos for evidence. Teachers are finding it easier to source programs that give a counselling scholarship much fun. An ICT program, namely, www. educationcity. com, covers K ey Stage 1-4, wholly Curriculum areas, plus a Teacher Zone and is employ across our school.We agreed, in the raillerys of Blatchford, that we must provide activities to encourage children to explore the technological systemally of a material body of ICT tools and encourage them to apply these, for a range of incompatible purposes. (Siraj-Blatchford and Siraj-Blatchford, 2006, p. 2). In delimit with National Occupational Standards expectations of belief Assistants in ICT, this ensures we get basic training to support pupils. ( tug 5, Week 25, Activity 25. 3 School exertion observing ICT). Part One Our class has been exploring seeds, so I based my Storybird book around this.We cover topics in Maths, Science, Environment and Circle Time. These cross-curricular links were important for our class activity from sourcing the materials motifed, to who would depend after(prenominal) them and estimating their ultimate height. The impact and effect flowers and bees had on our sur roundings, and peoples savourings about this. I developed this story linking to friendships and second base families, and in class extended the Maths talk, estimating the height they may grow, and eventual measurement to incorporate centimetres and inches, which we are covering this term.Linda Gillard and Virginia Whitby (2007) argue that the more prescriptive the curriculum, with guidance and requirements, the greater the potential influence it has on the charge childrens qualified experience is developed in schools. With this quote in mind, I will function this ICT site to benefit the children, using the pictures to help tell a story, and having ICT as a cross-curricular tool. We encourage children to use variant strategies like story-mountains and mind maps but just having pictures and having to put row to them extend their thought.My pedagogic casing k directlyledge helped me help them choose the pictures and I explained the concept to them in order for them to be su fficient to take care. I k parvenu they would then learn because they had chosen pictures that interested them. As Marianne Coulson, Combined Tutor Group pointed out opus a story from the illustrations modifyd me to experience what it might be like for a non reader trying to throw sense of the story from using the pictures. We encourage children to use different strategies when see to stop them becoming over-reliant on one strategy.I learnt how to develop my ICT, enabling the children to better their literacy skills and to control choices. The children stool let their imaginations rule the story. I will present this as a group activity and encourage the children to enumerate at literacy done different modes of image and word. The complex interweaving of word, image, gesture and movement and conk, can be combined in different ways and presented through a range of media (Bearne and Wolstencroft, 2007, p. 21). Children develop their powers of calculateing and attending enab ling them to be confident enough to develop.(Michael Rosen, former Childrens Laureate, from DCSF, 2008, p. 2)(Block 3, Week 13, Study Guide Talking and Listening)Daily report develops technical proficiency, the ability to manipulate ideas and build a bank of possibilities to draw upon sparking fresh ideas to combine words, generate and select disapprobations and spend a penny from images (Pie Corbett, 2012). I run through learnt that as adults, we already have the skills for reading but using illustrations, sounds and words is a multimodality tool. I tend not to use these different strategies and I think at first, this do my writing in Storybird difficult.I had plenty of ideas but had trouble finding images. I learnt children have far more of a free flowing attitude than adults do, and it took me a while to focus on writing around the images instead than finding an image to match my writing. Children already know much about multimodal texts from their home experiences. As tea ching assistants it is our responsibility to build on these experiences and the childrens knowledge, recognising the relationships between different modes and use this in our teaching. The future of reading and writing is interwoven with the future of digital technology (UKLA 2005).For Show and Tell, I apply the display we had put together on Planting. We planted seeds with the children as part of a Maths experiment to see how tall they would grow and be able to measure in cms and inches. Children estimated the plants end height and preserve the information. Our Science lesson covered, talking about plants, bugs, bees and the environment. We use a similar ICT programme whereby the children send photographs and videos to a neighbouring school, and by refining and editing their work they are also meeting the National Curriculum (2005) QCA requirements.The children are aged six to seven and the intended learning outcomes were to see if their estimations were correct. For science, we were scaffolding the children to learn about discovery as well as communication, discovering if the plants would reach their estimated height, and communicating with each separate to discuss expectations. To be able to lie with the impact science and technology has on everyday life and environmental impacts on bee pollination and persist conditions (Block 4, week 18, Science and Technology).We represented the situation in mathematics to predict the outcome and add expatiate to a graph, interpreting mathematical data (DCSF/QCDA, 201014) (Haylock with Manning (2010). passe-partoutly, I thought it was good to share our approaches and the resources we use in our school setting. Taking note of comments in the forum, I delivered the show and tell to colleagues, explaining that we could use this in assessments for learning and certain positive responses and feedback. ( war cry count 1071) Part Two (a) Looking back at the Maths targets I identified and discussed in TMA01, I feel that my knowledge and progress in problem solving has developed.The altercate for me was the opportunity to understand the problem solving strategies and be able to use logical reasoning. The lack of this bear on my mathematical investigations with the children and my confidence to represent and model situations using a range of tools and applying logic and reasoning. (cited Haylock with Manning, Chapter 2, pg. 21, DCSF/QCDA, 201014). I have progressed in thinking creatively and can understand, analyse and pass judgment to solve problems, sharing my approach and resolve tellingly by re-reading the course material.I have learnt problem solving can relate to many different liaisons within maths ranging from doing a jigsaw to reading a map cited Study Guide, Week 26, Block 5, ICT (Ollerton, 2010, p. 84) and the need to solve problems is the fundamental basis for the construction of maths. I have learnt, by reading crooked & Williams (1995) four areas of problem solving, being, Stan dard Problems, Non-Standard, Real-world and Puzzles, that to question the children on these, by using questioning that will help to develop their mathematical thinking is of importance.In line with the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority (QCA 2003, p. 8) I am now thinking about the childrens thought process, and the extent to which they will reveal their understanding and the language used. This will have a progress impact on my support of them and my own knowledge and understanding. The most important thing I learnt in Block 2 (Week 8, Study Guide dogma for possibility thinking) related to maths being a rich context full of creative approaches to learning and how we, as teaching assistants, need to build on what we have previously learned.Using what if and as if thinking I will use creative questioning and support the children to explore what answers may be. Using the shiny maths approach like line graphs, pie charts, 3D models and tessellation patterns to make maths and prob lem solving, more interesting. In compounding my subject knowledge for slope, I have found that my understanding and development has been re-enforced by re-reading Eyres (2007). My weakness as identified in TMA01, were Phonics and Word Classes and Apostrophes.By going over chapters 3, 4 and 8, I have come to make sense of phonics, graphemes, nouns, verbs, adjectives and the importance of how primary sentences are buildingd. How a words class can also be determined by its function of the role it plays in a sentence (Eyres (2007) p. 87-p. 89). Word classes, being the verbs, adjectives and nouns, describe side of meat as being parts of speech.Assigning words to classes is more straightforward, for example, the water runs, water the verb and runthe noun and how an apostrophe can stand in for earns that have been dropped. For example do not will become begettert (Eyres (2007) p. 129). In Science and Technology, I have discovered collaboratively with our e-group, that there are many sites we can use for investigation with the children. Useful facts and links can be used in conjunction with other classroom resources such as library books and working wall texts, with the idea that, children should do much more operable hands on experiments and be involved in the examination of scientific phenomena.When doing an experiment on germination, I learnt, after reading the article in Study Guide, Block 4 (Week 21, 2. 4 sight Phenomena) by Karen Phethean (2008) giving the children a more hands on and minds on approach and allowing them to handle the seeds and Petri dishes made a great difference to their learning (topic pedagogy). I have gained knowledge that Science is a way of thinking and that it involves trial and error. I understand now that our conclusions can change during the lesson as we may make a new discovery through questioning the children.Howe et al (2009) suggest children need support to be creative and explore, predict and observe and Vygotsky (1978) s ays communication in learning is important in the development of knowledge in which we have some understanding but are not fully confident. I feel a little out of my comfort zone when delivering Science and, although I have some sound knowledge, I need to develop along with the children and remember that science is not just a line of battle of facts. I have also realised that I need to question the children more to ensure they understand and allow them to give their ideas and interpretations.The use of online science and technology information has enhanced learning in my environment by allowing the children some independence to search for relevant information. This has helped me gather knowledge and understanding in cross-curricular ICT and be of assistance in facilitating childrens learning. Pedagogically, I can now put into practice the knowledge and experience I have gained through Block 4, Science and Technology including an understanding of what makes the learning of specific topics free or difficult the conceptions and preconceptions that students of different ages have.(Word count 842)Part Two (b) Looking back at the slope targets I recognized and considered in TMA01, I am now confident that my subject knowledge in earn and Sounds has advanced. I have developed my knowledge of childrens literature and the linguistic terminology used, along with outgo much time examining the letters and sounds in Phonics. Re-reading English for Primary and Early Years, Eyres, (2007) has helped my progression enormously, and I now know I am confident to apply my developed knowledge in a practical sense.I have reaffirmed phonics is the study of how sounds we make correspond to the written letter and fully understand now that readers of English rely heavily on their knowledge of letter-sound association, and an essential part of the reading process is decoding the letter symbols to reveal the sounds of the language (Eyres (2007) p. 200). Although phonics appears hard t o grasp, by using the right approach, it is possible to make this easier for the bookmans with worksheets and/or audio, through use of laptops.We must use well-prepared phonics plans that take in the phonics rules and patterns. I have further learnt that after introducing the learner to the letters, we must teach them the sounds. The phonics lesson plans must include sounds worksheets. These phonics sound worksheets must include all the 26 letters, 44 phonemes, and 120 graphemes and digraphs. I have also learnt that we use a combination of three criteria for determining word class. The meaning of the word, its shape, form and the position it has in the sentence.Word classes nouns, verbs, adjectives etc are all used in describing English. A words class may also be concluded by its function, for example, the role it plays within a sentence (Eyres 2007 p. 89). Supporting the children in this complex subject, I first sourced http//www. bbc. co. uk/schools/teachers/ks2_lessonplans/engli sh/word_types. shtml and we used the game to identify the roles of these nouns and verbs and to understand how they would fit into our literacy writing. This also helped reinforce my learning of the lesson plan.Once more this has assisted with my continuing ICT development, and how I can outstrip support and scaffold the children. My pedagogy, subject knowledge and the curriculum in my setting have strong pointened to enable me to encourage the childrens learning through better communication. My how to knowledge is now better merged with the subject and I can now identify, as read in Block 1, the misconceptions and preconceptions the learners have and be equipt to make the topic understandable to the learner. (Archambault and Crippen,2009Shulman,1986).I have developed and extended my literacy skills through this course and by reading Eyres (2007) and really feel I am building good literacy skills using feedback I have received from my mentor assessing my lesson plans and deliveran ce. I have extended my vocabulary through listening, talking, watching and further reading. I do realise that with pedagogical content knowledge, my own secure subject knowledge will not automatically result in children moving forward in their understanding. Pedagogical knowledge understands how students construct knowledge and stupefy skills.The Primary and Secondary National Strategies, state that pedagogy is the act of teaching, and the rationale that supports the actions that teachers take to make effective teaching decisions. I have learnt that I must build on what the learners, and myself, already know and structure the pace of the lesson so that the whole class are able to access and understand the subject. In addendum to this subject knowledge gained, I also feel I can now select all the relevant information I need to support the students and myself for different purposes.I now feel far more confident in organising essential information and ideas for the lesson and commun icate effectively with the children. (Word count 623) Part 3 rating I discussed with my mentor that my most important learning area was phonics and how I have come to make sense of this, along with graphemes, phonemes and phonics sounds worksheets and be able to support the children in this complex subject. I explained that I had learnt that English sounds and how they work are known as phonology and how spelling words reflects the sounds of language (Eyres (2007) Chapter 3, Understanding English at word level).We considered how I could use ICT programmes to deliver Phonics lessons to small groups, scaffolding multimodality (Study Guide Block 5 week 25 Overview of ICT) and supporting the children with accessing the phonics subject knowledge to enhance their learning and help develop skills for literacy. I would also access paper-based texts in the form of picture/word cards helping to develop the communicate word and to be able to hear, identify and manipulate the sounds (phonemes ) to further engage the children in decoding new written words and be able to blend these sound-spellings.I explained how I felt word classes was more of strength now, but that I still needed to develop some areas of maths. We looked together at my blog and my Professional Development Folder and decided that my work based learning could be set out to enable me to work more with our maths co-ordinator to gain extra knowledge and confidence in maths. She will look at Continual Professional Development courses for me to attend, in house and outside school, to help me analyse and evaluate concepts, policies and practice within the maths subject area.We chatted about how the challenge for me in maths was being able to understand and tackle problem-solving strategies, using logical reasoning and how this affected my work with the children and my confidence to model situations applying logic and reasoning. (cited Haylock with Manning, Chapter 2, pg. 21, DCSF/QCDA, 201014). She praised me f or being able to organise, communicate and progress in my own learning and seek and learn from feedback after observations to improve my knowledge and performance within the class setting.We talked about how I work well in a team and can evaluate different approaches to support the children where differentiation may be infallible within the lesson plan, thinking on my feet. I explained about the rest of my course in Primary Teaching and Learning and told her my goal was to complete the next step, (E214, Equality, Participation and Inclusion) and to gain my Foundation Degree and perhaps think about the School-centred Initial Teacher training course, for which she could accommodate me.I also discussed with her that I would like to gain further experience and knowledge in Special Needs Education as this is the route my job seems to be going. We discussed a three-year plan, as E214 will take me to May 2014, and we will meet six monthly to look at goals achieved and still to be met and of course discuss how the E214 is progressing.

The Nutcracker

analyse One Waltz of the Flowers from The Nutcracker Waltz of the Flowers from The Nutcracker I watched Waltz of the Flowers from The Nutcracker online for my first plectrum in my surgical process paper. This magnificent share was composed by Peter Llyich Tchaikovsky during the Romantic period in 1892. This performance is performed by about 12 Ballerinas with the music being played in the background. The Waltz of the Flowers is actually ACT II from The Nutcracker, which is a very well known and amazing song. Tchaikovsky wrote this piece about a young girl named Clara that cannot wait for Christmas morning to arrive.She spends the whole night dreaming of intense dreams with extroidinary characters. This is why the ballet is always performed during the Christmas season. This piece is called a Waltz because the song is done in ? meter. The introduction starts with the amazing auditory sensation of the beautiful harps being played. This song has four different bows that repeat th emselves. The first theme at the beginning, later on the introduction, starts with a striving heard in French horns and clarinets and is repeated, but differently the 2nd time.The second them consists of violins. This theme adds drama and tension to the performance. The flutes start in on the third theme and repeated again with a more illuminated timbre. The fourth theme is heard only once and that is where the cellos come in for the melody. This melody is eloquent and passionate. There is so much detail in every part of this piece that you unfeignedly have to pay attention to the music, which is what Tchaikovskys plan was when he wrote it. I really enjoyed watching this performance because the ballerinas moved so beautifully.They moved their hand to the music perfectly, which is where the Waltz come into the name. My favorite section of this piece is the introduction when you hear the harps playing. The ballerinas move so eloquently with the harps and it just amazed me. I also run aground myself swaying to the sound of the music without even realizing it because it is so relaxing. I am so thankful that this was one of our choices because I really enjoyed watching this and hopefully I will get a chance to watch it in a live performance one day.

Religion Pakistan

morality is a flummox of beliefs concerning the cause, nature, and purpose of life and the universe, especi completelyy when considered as the creation of a supernatural agency, or kind-hearted beings relative to that which they regard as consecrated, sacred, spiritual, or divine. Many righteousnesss move over narratives, symbols, traditions and sacred histories that be intended to give meaning to life. They tend to derive morality, ethics, phantasmal constabularys or a preferred lifestyle from their ideas about the cosmos and human nature.The word religious belief is nearlytimes apply interchangeably with faith or belief constitution, except godliness differs from private belief in that it has a public aspect. Most religions have organized behaviors, including congregations for prayer, priestly hierarchies, holy places, and/or scriptures. The development of religion has taken different gos in different cultures. Some religions place greater emphasis on belief, er a others emphasize practice. Some religions focus on the subjective experience of the religious individual, while others consider the activities of the familiarity to be most important.Some religions claim to be universal, believing their laws and cosmology to be binding for everyone, while others ar intended to be practiced only by one, localized group. devotion often spend a pennys use of meditation, music and art. In galore(postnominal) a nonher(prenominal) places it has been associated with public institutions such as education, the family, political relation, and political power. Types of godlinesss religion defines who you be, what you be, and your views about the area some you. You must understand, a religion is very much more than deity worshiping. Religion is the philosophy of life and a belief system. in that respect are as many as four molarity and both religions in this world. Surprisingly, people know only a handful of religion. The four largest religiou s groups by population, estimated to account for amid 5 and 6 meg people, are Christianity, Islam, Buddhism and Hinduism. Four largest religions Adherentscitation needed % of world population member World population 6. 8 billion Figures taken from individual obliges Christianity 1. 9 billion 2. 1 billion 29% 32% Christianity by country Islam 1. 3 billion 1. 57 billion 19% 21% Islam by country Buddhism 500 zillion 1. billion 7% 21% Buddhism by country Hinduism 950 million 1 billion 14% 20% Hinduism by country Total 4. 65 billion 6. 17 billion 68. 38% 90. 73% Christianity is one of the oldest religions of the world and has a large lean of followers. It is estimated that Christianity has over both billion followers around the globe. Christianity practices a few beliefs and traditions of other religions. Like the Judaism and Islam, Christianity as a religion believes in the concept of one God. Hence, Islam, Judaism and Christianity are known as ethical monotheism.Judai sm is older than Christianity and this religion is the oldest of Abrahamic religions. Judaism is base on laws and principles of the Hebrew bible known as Tanakh. The Old Testament of Bible describes the struggles of the Hebrews or the Jews. after(prenominal) Moses frees them from the Egyptian captivity, they wander for almost forty eld in advance they reached Jerusalem, the Promised Land. Today there are 14 million Jews in the world. Islam has 1. 3 billion religious followers. It is one of the fastest growing religions in the world. Followers of Islam religion worship Allah and consider Muhammad as their prophet.Like the Christians and the Jews, Moslems believe in one God. Hence, it is one of the third monotheistic religions of the world. Quran is their holy book and this religion follows strict religious discipline and customs. The life of a Moslem is guided by the Five Pillars or the five principles such as Shahadah (faith), Sala (ritual prayer), Zakah (alms tax), Sawm (Ra madan fasting) and Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca). Islam is an Arabic term and means surrendering to the will of God. You could say Islam is a system of belief that gives importance to family life, way of dressing, cleanliness and ethics.It overly stresses on the importance of religious rituals and observances. There are many religions that follow their own system of beliefs, rituals and traditions. These religions are classified as prophetic religion, revealight-emitting diode religion, sacramental and mystical religion. Hinduism is considered to be one of the most tolerant religions in the world. The ultimate aim of any Hindu is to attain moksha from the cycle of rebirth. Historians believe over the centuries Hinduism had adopted many spiritual traditions and practices, which are seen unconstipated today in the family lines of many Hindus.It is not easy to generalize the beliefs of Hinduism because the practices sidetrack widely among the believers of this religion. Religion in Pa kistan The Badshahi Masjid in Lahore, Pakistan, was built during the Mughal Empire Islam is the narrate religion in Pakistan, which is practised by about 95-97% of the 174,578,558 people of the nation. The remaining 3-5% practice Christianity, Hinduism and other religions. Islamics are divided into two major sects, the majority of them practice Sunni Islam while the Shias are a nonage who estimate 5-20% depending on the source.Nearly entirely Pakistani Sunni Islamics belong to the Hanafi Islamic law inform. The majority of Pakistani Shia Muslims belong to the Twelver (Ithna Asharia) branch with satisfying minority groups who practice Ismailism, which is composed of Nizari (Aga Khanis), Mustaali, Dawoodi Bohra, Sulaymani, and others. The religion of Islam was archetypical introduced in the territory that is now called Pakistan Umayyad dynasty in the early-8th century led by Muhammad bin Qasim against Raja Dahir, the Hindu ruler of Sindh. The Umayyad Muslims conquered the north wattern part of the Indus Valley, from Kashmir to the Arabian Sea.The arrival of the Arab Muslims to the provinces of Sindh and Punjab, on with subsequent Muslim dynasties, set the stage for the religious boundaries of South Asia that would lead to the development of the modern disk operating system of Pakistan in 1947 as sound as forming the foundation for Islamic rule which quickly spread crossways much of South Asia. chase the rule of various Islamic empires, including the Ghaznavids, the Ghurids, and the Delhi Sultanate, the Mughals controlled the region of Pakistan from 1526 until 1739.Muslim technocrats, bureaucrats, soldiers, traders, scientists, architects, teachers, theologians and Sufis flocked from the rest of the Muslim world to the Indian subcontinent during the Mughal era. The Mughal Empire declined in the early 18th century after the Afsharids and the Afghan Durrani Empire from the west came to take over what is now Pakistan. Constitution of Pakistan on rel igion The constitution of Pakistan establishes Islam as the state religion, and provides all its citizens the right to profess, practice and propagate their religion subject to law, public order, and morality.The constitution limits the political rights of Pakistans non-Muslims, and only Muslims are allowed to become the President or the Prime Minister. Moreover, only Muslims are allowed to serve as judges in the Federal Shariat Court, which has the power to strike down any law deemed un-Islamic. List of religions in Pakistan Based on information collected from the Library of Congress, Pew Research Center, CIA World Factbook, Oxford University, University of Pennsylvania, U. S. State Department and others, the following is a list of all the religions that are practised in Pakistan.The percentages are estimations depending on the source. * Islam * Sunni Muslims 80-95% * Shia Muslims 5-20% * Ahmadi Muslims approximately 2. 3% or 4 million * Other religions * Christians approx. 1. 6% o r 2,800,000 people * Hindus approx. 1. 6%or 2,443,614 people * Bahais 79,000 * Sikhs 20,000 * Zoroastrian/Parsis 20,000 * Buddhist Unknown * Jews Unknown * Islam The Faisal Mosque in Islamabad, which is the largest mosque of Pakistan and is as well one of the largest in the world, was built by female monarch Faisal of Saudi Arabia.Islam is the state religion of Pakistan, and about 95-97% of Pakistanis are Muslims. The Muslims are divided into 2 sects, Sunni Islam and Shia Islam. The Shia Islam in Pakistan is practised by 5-20% of the Muslims and the remaining larger bout of Muslims practice Sunni Islam. There are a number of Islamic law schools called Madhab (schools of jurisprudence), which are called fiqh or Maktab-e-Fikr in Urdu. Nearly all Pakistani Sunni Muslims belong to the Hanafi Islamic school of thought while infinitesimal number belong to the Hanbali school.The majority of Pakistani Shia Muslims belong to the Twelver (Ithna Asharia) branch, with significant minority who adhere to Ismailism branch that is composed of Nizari (Aga Khanis), Mustaali, Dawoodi Bohra, Sulaymani, and others. Islam to some extent syncretized with pre-Islamic influences, resulting in a religion with some traditions translucent from those of the Arab world. Two Sufis whose shrines receive much issue attention are Ali Hajweri in Lahore (ca. 11th century) and Shahbaz Qalander in Sehwan, Sindh (ca. twelfth century).Although members of Ahmadiyya (also derogatorily known as Qadiani) are considered to be Muslims, the government of Pakistan does not consider this group followers of Islam. The Pakistani parliament has declared Ahmadis to be non-Muslims. In 1974, the government of Pakistan amended its constitution to define a Muslim as a person who believes in finality of Prophet Muhammad. Ahmadis believe in Muhammad as the better and the last law bearing prophet and Mirza Ghulam Ahmad as the Christ of Muslims who was prophesized to come in the last mentioned geezerhood and u nite the Muslims.Consequently they were declared non-Muslims by a tribunal, the records of which have not been released to date. In 1984, Ordinance XX was enacted, which do it a crime for Ahmadis to call themselves Muslims or adherents of Islam, to pose as Muslims, to call their places of worship Masjid, or to proselytize, penal by a prison term. According to the last Pakistan nosecount, Ahmadis make up 0. 25% of the population, which is highly challenge due to the already existing state treatment of Ahmadis in Pakistan.The website adherents. comcited a report harmonize to which the Ahmadiyya Muslim community was represented by 2,000,000 (1. 42%) adherents in 1995. Several other news report provided claim adherents amounting to about 4 million, which is difficult to verify. edit Christianity Main article Christianity in Pakistan Saint Patricks Cathedral, Karachi. Christians make up 1. 6% of Pakistans population, about 2. 8 million people out of a total population. 1 They are the mo largest religious minority community in Pakistan. studyity of the Pakistani Christian communities belong to converts from the low caste Hindus from Punjab region, from the British colonial era. The community is geographically spread throughout the Punjab province, whilst its presence in the rest of the provinces is mostly moderate to the urban centers. There is a Roman Catholic community in Karachi which was established by Goan and Tamilian migrants when Karachis understructure was being developed by the British during colonial administration between World War I and World War II. edit Judaism Main article Jews and Judaism in PakistanJews (Urdu pronounced Yehudi) are a very small religious group in Pakistan. Various estimates suggest that there were about 2,500 Jews living in Karachi at the beginning of the 20th century, and a smaller community of a few hundred lived in Peshawar. There were synagogues in both cities while the Karachi synagogue was burnt down. citation needed T he one in Peshawar still exists but has travel into disuse. Nearly all Pakistani Jews have emigrated. citation needed edit Hinduism Main article Hinduism in Pakistan Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, KarachiHinduism has an ancient memoir in Pakistan, the Rig Veda was believed to have been composed in the Punjab region. citation needed Hindus today are a much reduced community numbering around 3 million or about 1. 6%. 1 According to the last census 93% of Hindus live in Sindh, 5% in Punjab and nearly 2% in Balochistan. citation needed edit Sikhism Main article Sikhism in Pakistan Nankana Sahib Gurdwara in Punjab, Pakistan The number of Sikhs remaining in Pakistan today is very small estimates vary, but the number is thought to be on the order of 20,000. 7 The shrine of Guru Nanak Dev is located in Nankana Sahib near the city of Lahore where many Sikhs from abroad make pilgrimage to this and other shrines. edit Buddhism Main article Buddhism in Pakistan Like Hinduism, Buddhism has an ancie nt history in Pakistan. There are no established Buddhist communities and numbers are very few. edit Zoroastrianism foster information Parsi people Before the independence of Pakistan in 1947, major urban centres in what is now Pakistan were home to a thriving Parsi business community.Karachi had the most prominent population of Parsis in Pakistan and were mostly Gujarati-speaking. After independence, majority of Pakistans Parsi populace migrated to India, notably Bombay however a number of Parsis still remain in Pakistan and have entered Pakistani public life as favorable workers, business folk, and diplomats. The most prominent Parsis of Pakistan today include Ardeshir Cowasjee, Byram Dinshawji Avari, Jamsheed Marker, as well as the late Minocher Bhandara. edit Bahai Main article Bahai Faith in Pakistan The Bahai Faith in Pakistan begins antecedent to its independence when it was part of India.The roots of the religion in the region go back to the first course of studys of th e Babi religion in 1844,22 with Shaykh Said Hindi who was from Multan. 23 During Bahaullahs lifetime, as founder of the religion, he encouraged some of his followers to lean to the area that is current-day Pakistan. 24 In 1921 the Bahais of Karachi picked their first Bahai Local Spiritual Assembly. 23 By 1956 Bahai local assemblies spread crossways many cities,25 and in 1957, vitamin E and West Pakistan elected a separate National Bahai Assembly from India and subsequent East Pakistan became Bangladesh with its own national assembly. 26 Waves of refugees arrived in 1979 due to the Soviet Union onset of Afghanistan and the Iranian renewal in Iran. 2728 The Bahais in Pakistan have the right to hold public meetings, establish academic centers, teach their faith, and elect their administrative councils. 29 However, the government prohibits Bahais from travelling to Israel for Bahai pilgrimage. 30 Recent estimates are over 79,00018 though Bahais claimed less than half that number. 31 edit Kalash Religion This is the religion of the Kalash people living in a remote part of Chitral.Adherents of the Kalash religion number around 3,000 and inhabit three remote valleys in Chitral Bumboret, Rumbur and Birir. Their religion is unique but shares some common scope with Vedic and Pre-Zoroastrian religions. edit Atheism Main article Atheism There may also be some atheists and agnostics in Pakistan, particularly in the affluent areas of the larger cities. Some were born in secular families while others in religious ones. According to the 1998 census, people who did not state their religion accounted for 0. 5% of the population, but social pressures against claiming no religion was strong. 7 There is slight of atheism in the country. Pakistans laws, which stipulate the death penalty for blaspheming, put such discrimination. Subsequently, most atheists and agnostics keep their views private and choose to portray themselves publicly as indifferent Muslims quite than non -Muslims. Islam in Pakistan From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation, search Islam in Pakistan Category History Islamic victory Arab settlement Islamic rule Mughal Empire Hindu conversion Sectarian dispute Architecture Mughal Indo-Islamic Indo-SaracenicMajor figures Mohammad bin Qasim Baba Fareed Khwaja Sheikh Pak Bulleh Shah Sir Syed Ahmed Khan Allama Iqbal Bahadur Yar Jung Schools of law Hanafi Shia Shafii Maliki Hanbali Schools of thought Shia Barelvi Deobandi Ahle Hadith Sufism Ahmadiyya Mosques in Pakistan List of Mosques -List of mosques in Lahore Faisal Mosque Badshahi Mosque Political organisations and movements Pakistan Muslim League Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan Jamaat-e-Islami Tehrik-e-Jafaria Pakistan Jamiat Ahle Hadith Tablighi Jamaat Culture MusicQawwali Hamd Nasheed Naat Ghazal Literature Urdu Punjabi Pashto Sindhi Other topics Shia Islam in Pakistan Ahle Sunnat gallery in South Asia Indian Muslim nationalism (Pakistani) Muslim chro nicles for Indian historyThis box view lectureedit Part of a series on Islam by country Islam in Africashow Algeria Angola Benin Botswana BurkinaFaso Burundi Cameroon mantelpieceVerde CentralAfricanRepublic Chad Comoros DemocraticRepublic of theCongo Republic of the Congo CotedIvoire (IvoryCoast) Djibouti Egypt equatorialGuineaEritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda SaoTome andPrincipe Senegal Seychelles SierraLeone Somalia SouthAfrica Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda WesternSahara (Sahrawi Arab DemocraticRepublic) Zambia Zimbabwe Islam in Asiashow Central Asia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan USSR Uzbekistan East AsiaChina (HongKong Macau) Japan Korea(NorthKorea SouthKorea) Mongolia Taiwan South Asia Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Southeast Asia Brunei Burma Cambodia EastT imor Indonesia Laos Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Western Asia Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Cyprus Georgia Iran Iraq Israel Jordan capital of Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey UAE Yemen Islam in europiumshow Western EuropeAndorra Belgium France Ireland Italy Luxembourg Malta Monaco Netherlands Portugal SanMarino Spain United Kingdom (England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales) Scandinavia Denmark Iceland Finland Norway Sweden Central Europe Austria Croatia CzechRepublic Germany Hungary Liechtenstein Poland Slovakia Slovenia Switzerland Eastern Europe Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Latvia Lithuania Moldova Russia Ukraine USSR Southeastern EuropeAlbania Bosnia Bulgaria Cyprus Greece Macedonia Montenegro Romania Serbia Turkey Islam in the Statessshow Northern America Canada Mexico United States Central America Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama Southern America Argentina Bolivia brazil nut Chile Co lombia Dominica Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela CaribbeanAntigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Cuba Dominican Republic Grenada Haiti Jamaica Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Islam in Oceaniashow Australia Australia NorfolkIsland ChristmasIsland Cocos(Keeling)Islands Melanesia EastTimor Fiji sweetCaledonia Papua New Guinea SolomonIslands Vanuatu Micronesia Guam Kiribati MarshallIslands NorthernMarianaIslands FederatedStates ofMicronesia Nauru Palau PolynesiaAmericanSamoa CookIslands FrenchPolynesia NewZealand Niue Pitcairn Samoa Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Wallis and Futuna This box viewtalkedit Islam is the official religion of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, which has a population of about 174,578,558. 1 The overwhelming majority (95-97%) of the Pakistani people are Muslims while the remaining 3-5% are Christian, Hindu, and others. 23 Pakistan has the second largest Muslim population in the world after Indones ia. Sunnis are the majority while the Shias make up between 10-20%4352 of the total Muslim population of the country.Pakistan has the second largest number of Shias after Iran, which numbers between 17 million to as high as 30 million according to Vali Nasr. 6 Contentshide * 1 Umayyad invasion of Sindh and the arrival of Islam * 2 Islam and the Pakistan Movement * 3 Politicized Islam * 4 Muslim sects in Pakistan * 5 Laws and customs * 6 Media and pilgrimages * 7 Islamic education * 8 See also * 9 Further reading * 10 References * 11 External links edit Umayyad invasion of Sindh and the arrival of Islam Main article Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinentThe Badshahi Masjid, literally the Royal Mosque, was built in 1674 by Aurangzeb. It is one of Lahores best known landmarks, and epitomizes the smash and grandeur of the Mughal era. Islam arrived in the area now known as Pakistan in 711 CE, when the Umayyad dynasty sent a Muslim Arab army led by Muhammad bin Qasim against the rule r of Sindh, Raja Dahir, this was due to the fact that Raja Dahir had given refuge to numerous Zoroastrian Princes who had fled the Islamic conquest of Iran. Mohummad Bin Qasims army was defeated in his first thee attempts.The Muslim army conquered the northwestern part of Indus Valley from Kashmir to the Arabian Sea. The arrival of the Arab Muslims to the provinces of Sindh and Punjab, along with subsequent Muslim dynasties, set the stage for the religious boundaries of South Asia that would lead to the development of the modern state of Pakistan as well as forming the foundation for Islamic rule which quickly spread across much of South Asia. Following the rule of various Islamic empires, including the Ghaznavid Empire, the Ghorid kingdom, and the Delhi Sultanate, the Mughals controlled the region from 1526 until 1739.Muslim technocrats, bureaucrats, soldiers, traders, scientists, architects, teachers, theologians and Sufis flocked from the rest of the Muslim world to Islamic Sult anate and Mughal Empire in South Asia and in the land that became Pakistan. edit Islam and the Pakistan Movement The Muslim poet-philosopher Sir Allama Muhammad Iqbal first proposed the idea of a Muslim state in northwestern South Asia in his address to the Muslim League at Allahabad in 1930. His marriage proposal referred to the four provinces of Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan, and the NorthWest Frontier essentially what would became Pakistan.Iqbals idea gave concrete form to two distinct nations in the South Asia based on religion (Islam and Hinduism) and with different historical backgrounds, social customs, cultures, and social mores. Islam was thus the reason for the creation and the unification of a separate state. Allama Muhammad Iqbal in 1937, in a letter to Jinnah wrote, After a long and careful study of Islamic Law I have come to the conclusion that if this system of Law is justly understood and applied, at last the right to subsistence is secured to every body.But the enf orcement and development of the Shariat of Islam is impossible in this country without a free Muslim state or states. This has been my honest conviction for many years and I still believe this to be the only way to solve the problem of bread for Muslims as well as to secure a peaceful India. 7 But just three days before the creation of Pakistan, Mohammad Ali Jinnah made a different commitment. A commitment to secularism in Pakistan.In his inaugural address he said, You will find that in the course of time Hindus would cease to be Hindus and Muslims would cease to be Muslims, not in the religious sense, because that is the personal faith of each individual, but in the political sense as citizens of the State. This statement of Jinnah is an object of great controversy since then and this vision of a Pakistan in which Islamic law would not be applied, contrary to Iqbals perception, was questioned shortly after independence. edit Politicized IslamFaisal Mosque in Islamabad, which is the largest mosque of Pakistan and is also one of the largest in the world, was built by King Faisal of Saudi Arabia. From the outset, politics and religion have been intertwined both conceptually and practically in Islam. Because Prophet Muhammad established a government in Medina, precedents of governance and taxation exist. Through the history of Islam, from the Ummayyad (661-750) and Abbasid empires (750-1258) to the Mughals (1526- 1858), Safavis (15011722) and the Ottomans (1300-1923), religion and statehood have been treated as one.Indeed, one of the beliefs of Islam is that the purpose of the state is to provide an environment where Muslims can properly practice their religion. If a leader fails in this, the people have a right to depose him. In March 1949, the first constituent assembly passed Objectives Resolution, which declared that the state of Pakistan will be submitted to the sovereignty of God. In 1950, thirty one Ulema passed a demand draft, called Twenty Two Points of Ulema. This drafted demanded preparation of constitution according to Objectives Resolution. It also demanded changes in the law according to Shariah.In 1977, the government of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto outlawed alcohol and drugs and changed the weekend from Sunday to Friday, but no substantive Islamic reform program was implemented prior to General Zia-ul-Haqs Islamization program. Starting in February 1979, new penal measures based on Islamic principles of justice went into effect. These carried considerably greater implications for women than for men. A eudaimonia and taxation system based on Zakat and a profit-and-loss banking system were also established in accordance of rights with Islamic prohibitions against usury but were inadequate. edit Muslim sects in Pakistan Further information Sectarian violence in PakistanandShia Islam in Pakistan Data Durbar in Lahore, Pakistan is the tomb of Ali Hajweri, eleventh century Sufi. People come each year to pay their respects, to say prayers and worship. The large complex also includes Jamia Hajweri, or Hajweri Mosque. According to the CIA World Factbook and Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies, 95-97% of the total population of Pakistan is Muslim. 3 The majority of the Pakistani Muslims are Sunnis, while Shias are estimated 10-20%. 8 4 3 5 2 The Muslims belong to different schools which are called Madhahib (singular Madhhab) i. e. , schools of jurisprudence (also Maktab-e-Fikr (School of Thought) in Urdu). The Hanafi school of Sunnis includes the Barelvi and Deobandi schools. Although the vast majority of Pakistani Shia Muslims belong to Ithna ashariyah school, there are significant minorities Nizari Ismailis (Agha Khanis) and the smaller Mustaali Dawoodi Bohra and Sulaimani Bohra branches. The Salafi sect is represented by the Ahle Hadith movement in Pakistan.Many people on the Makran border of Balochistan follow the Zikri sect of Islam. The two subsects of Sunni Hanafi school, Barelvis and Deobandis, have their own Ma sjids. The Shia Ithna ashariyah school has its own Masjids commonly termed as Hussainias (Imambargahs). Mustaali Dawoodi Bohra and Sulaimani Bohra also have their own Masjids, while the Nizari Ismailis pray in Jamaat Khanas. The Ahmadiyya community, a minority group is also present. Ahmadis have been declared non-Muslims by the Government of Pakistan.In 1974, the government of Pakistan amended Constitution of Pakistan to define a Muslim as a person who believes in finality of Prophet Muhammad. 9 For this reason, Ahmadis are persecuted on behalf of their beliefs. Ahmadis believe in Muhammad as the best and the last law bearing prophet and Mirza Ghulam Ahmad as the Christ of Muslims who was prophesied to come in the latter days and unite the Muslims. Consequently they were declared non-Muslims by a tribunal, the records of which have not been released to date.According to the last Pakistan census, Ahmadis made up 0. 25% of the population. However the website adherents. com10 proposes that the Ahmadiyya Muslim community made up 1. 42% of the population which is probably to be a less biased source. The Economist puts the figure of Ahmadiyya adherents to 4 million. The Ahmadis claim their community is even larger. Sufism has a strong tradition in Pakistan. The Muslim Sufi missionaries played a pivotal component in converting the millions of native people to Islam.As in other areas where Sufis introduced it, Islam to some extent syncretized with pre-Islamic influences, resulting in a religion with some traditions distinct from those of the Arab world. The Naqshbandiya, Qadiriya, Chishtiya and Suhrawardiyya silsas have a a large following in Pakistan. Sufis whose shrines receive much national attention are Data Ganj Baksh (Ali Hajweri) in Lahore (ca. 11th century), Baha-ud-din Zakariya in Multan and Shahbaz Qalander in Sehwan (ca. 12th century) and Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai in Bhit, Sindh and Rehman Baba in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province. edit Laws and customs There is no law in Pakistan enforcing hijab and wearing of Hijab by Pakistani women is moderately uncommon. However, the practice of wearing Hijab among younger women in urban centers is slowly growing due to media influence from the warmheartedness East and Persian Gulf countries. The episodes of sectarian violence have significantly decreased in frequence over the years due to the conflictual engagement of the Islamic militant organizations with the states armed forces and intelligence agencies. edit Media and pilgrimagesMedia and pilgrimages has influenced Pakistani Muslims to give away more about Islam as a result the local heterodox beliefs and practices are being replaced with Orthodox beliefs from Quran and Sunnah. The inexpensive travel, simpler visa rules and direct air travel to Saudi Arabia has resulted in large number Pakistani Muslims going to Medina and Mecca for Haj and Umrah. This has helped to increase Pan-Islamic identity of Pakistani Muslims. The Muslim print media has always existed in Pakistan which included newspapers, books and magazines.The Muslim satellite channels are widely available and are watched by Pakistani population. edit Islamic education The Study of Islam as a subject is compulsory for all Muslim students up to Matriculation or Olevels in all schools in Pakistan. Islamic education to the masses is also propagated chiefly by Islamic schools and literature. Islamic schools (or Madrassas) mostly cater to the youth from impoverished social backgrounds and those learning to be Islamic clerics. More casual and even research oriented material is available in the form of books.While the most prominent of these schools are being monitored, the latter are being moderated by both the government and some of the scholars, thereby also removing in the process the various material present in it that is used by Anti-Islam/Anti-Sunni writers. Oldest and universally accepted titles such as the Sahih Bukhari have been revised into summarised edit ions and some of the old, complete titles, translated to Urdu, the national language, are not available for purchase now. These changes are also a herald to new outbreaks of religious controversy in the region.