How can a manager motivate a workforce and what are the major benefits Essay - 3

How can a manager motivate a workforce and what are the major benefits of this to a company Support your answer with examples - Essay Example Several theories regarding how managers can motivate employees have been figured out by different researchers and these theories can be incorporated in real life by managers to motivate employees. One such theory is the need theory proposed by McClelland and according to this theory all individuals experience three kinds of needs including need for power, association and achievement and individuals tend to work in order to attain the satisfaction of these needs (Lauby, 2005, p.2). This writing will focus on how managers can use McClelland’s need theory in order to motivate their employees and how motivating employees can benefit an organization. Body As stated in the introductory section, individuals face three kinds of needs and they have a desire to fulfil these needs. One of the three needs identified by McClelland is the need for achievement that motivates individuals to work hard. Managers can motivate their employees by helping them in achieving the aims and objectives o f their lives. For example: employees work in order to earn money and they want to earn money in order to purchase a better living standard and lifestyle for themselves and even for those who are related to them. This shows that managers can motivate employees with the assistance of monetary rewards in exchange for the hard work and time employees invest in completion of aims and objectives of the organization. A study was conducted by Condly and other researchers in which th

Juvenile Justice System in California Essay Example for Free

Juvenile Justice System in California Essay Does the Time Fit the Crime? This is a call to action, how much do we actually know about the California Juvenile Justice system? Have we given up on today’s youth? There are more than 2,500 juvenile offender’s states wide that have been sentenced to life in prison or life without parole. They are sent to adult court in which they were convicted for their crimes. This is costing California tax payers 2. 5 million dollars a year to house each offender, and approximately 252,000 a year per youth in the CYA (Krinsky, Pierce, Woodford,p1;Kita,p1). How does this affect their psychological development? Of the different races which is most effected? Is it teaching them to be better individuals or better criminals? What effects does it have on the youth’s family? Is justice being served? As of today there are 300 youth juveniles incarcerated in the state of California that have been given life or life without parole. Does race, social, and environmental factors play a role in the sentencing phase? Does the time fit the crime? Is it appropriate for juveniles to be sentenced as adults? The Juvenile Justice Court System was designed and dedicated to the adjudication of crimes committed by juvenile youth offenders. To be over seen by the Los Angeles Superior Court Division of Juvenile Courts (Shouselaw). Their sole purpose and goal is the rehabilitation of youth offenders. In 1943 the state of California opened CYA as a reform school; but today it functions similar to the adult prisons today (Kita, p1). Youth that are prosecuted in adult court are moved out of CYA at 18 and sent to adult prison to serve the reminder of their time (Kita, p1). Fewer juvenile offenders are being committed to CYA, and more are being sent directly to adult prison. â€Å" Despite declines in juvenile confinement over the last decade, California still has the 10th highest rate of juvenile incarceration in the nation (271 per 100,000) and the fifth highest White-Black racial disparity: Black children are incarcerated at 8. 5 times the rate of White children† (Children Defense Fund). â€Å" There are many factors and statistics used in the arguments for and against juvenile sentences of life without parole (LWOP), however the statistics involving he much higher percentage, of blacks serving life sentences than whites are very rarely mentioned† (Bell,p. 2). This is further data that supports the argument that black youth has the highest ratio of incarceration. The legislature is considering bill SB399 which would allow a second chance opportunity, this shows that the state of California Juvenile System is in need of reform and structuring. Without SB399 there isn’t any way to revisit these sentences. (Krinsky, Pierce, Woodford, p. 2). What immediate changes need to take place today to reduce the number of youths, being incarceration? According to the group Reforming the Juvenile Justice System, the United States is the only country in the world that sentences young people to life in prison without the possibility of parole for crimes they committed when they were teenagers (RJJS). In California approximately 300 youth have been given this sentence – a sentence to die in prison for mistakes they made during adolescence. According to â€Å"Human Rights Watch estimates, a majority of these young people (59 percent) were first time offenders, and almost half (45 percent) were convicted of murder but were not the ones who actually committed the murder† (RJJS). What can we do as a society and community to help carve the problem within our communities to ensure our youth are being treated fairly in the juvenile system? There are several problems and issues that the juvenile justice systems face today. Allegations of mistreatment, abuse, excessive force, 23 hour confinement in their cells, locking juveniles in cages at school, not providing adequate medical and mental health services, and perpetuation of gang related violence among the youth offenders. (Shouselaw,p.? ). We as a society have to raise the question? How have these problems and issues gone unaddressed for so long? Who do we hold accountable for these allegations? Therefore, asking how this effects their psychological development and how much of it impacts their social interactions and behavior. Youth advocates have argued that juvenile youth offenders’ brains are not mature enough to fully understand the seriousness of their crimes they’ve been accused of. The organization CDFCA has stated that: â€Å"Adolescent brain development research has helped us understand the ways that youth are fundamentally different from adults. With the prefrontal lobe of the brain still developing throughout the teenage years, adolescents have more difficulty processing information, making logical in-the-moment decisions, weighing long-term consequences, and avoiding peer pressure. Given this research in adolescent brain development, policymakers and even the Supreme Court have recognized that youth are less culpable than adults for their actions and more likely to be rehabilitated. The Children’s Defense Fund – CA believes strongly that policies around incarceration and sentencing should reflect these developmental differences, and that youth should be kept out of the adult criminal justice system and given the opportunity for rehabilitation† (RJJS,p. 1). Subsequently, providing the evidence of how broken the juvenile system truly is, Richard A. Mendel wrote, We now have overwhelming evidence showing that wholesale incarceration of juvenile offenders is a counterproductive public policy† (Mendel, p. 1) Stating that the current juvenile justice system. Which relies heavily on mass incarceration of teen offenders, is badly broken? The violence and abuse within youth facilities is bad enough, but these institutions also fail to rehabilitate the youth within them. (Mendel, p. 1) Adding reinforcement that something must be done immediately to save our youth; leaving us to wonder how these effects will ultimately shape their lives for the better or the worst. There is a sense of hopelessness and despair that illuminates over these juveniles. Are the sentences handed down in these cases justified? Has justice being served in these cases? Supports of juvenile reform has provided data and research that back their claims that black youth are being sentence to much long terms than any of other race. The Human Rights Watch organization conducted research in California and found that there is discrimination when sentencing black youth offenders: † The states application of the law is also unjust. Eighty-five percent of youth sentenced to life without parole are people of color, with 75 percent of all cases in California being African American or Hispanic youth. African American youth are sentenced to life without parole at a rate that is 18. 3 times the rate for whites. Hispanic youth in California are sentenced to life without parole at a rate that is five times the rate of white youth in the state California has the worst record in the country for racially disproportionate sentencing. In California, African American youth are sentenced to life without parole at rates that suggest unequal treatment before sentencing courts. This unequal treatment by sentencing courts cannot be explained only by white and African American youths differential involvement in crime† (HRWO,p. 1). In addition to discrimination they also found that â€Å"In California alone, more than half of the youth sentenced are first time offenders with no previous criminal record. The Human Rights Watch survey of these inmates also found that many had not actually committed the murder and that their adult codefendants actually received a lesser sentence† (HRWO,p1). Therefore, pointing out that these youth offenders did not have adequate representation. The organization Human Rights Watch wrote: â€Å"Poor legal representation often compromises a just outcome in juvenile life without parole cases. Sending Approximately 227 youth have been sentenced to die in Californias prisons. They have not been sentenced to death: the death penalty was found unconstitutional for juveniles by the United States Supreme Court in 2005. Instead, these young people have been sentenced to prison for the rest of their lives, with no opportunity for parole and no chance for release. Forty-five percent of youth reported that they were held legally responsible for a murder committed by someone else. In California, the vast majority of those 17 years old and younger sentenced to life without the possibility of parole was convicted of murder. Showing that nationally 59 percent of youth sentenced to life without paroles are first-time offenders, without single juvenile court adjudication on their records† (HRWO, p1-3. ). Furthermore, this research support their claims that race, social, and environment factors play a major role in sentencing. Providing addition evidence that black and Latino juveniles are treated unfairly and justice is not being served. In conclusion, the California Juvenile Justice System is in dire need of reform. In January of this year Govern Jerry Brown, proposed is plan to end the juvenile justice division by March 2015(sfgate. com). Thus answering the questions posed there are a great deal, of problems and issues that must be addressed immediately. Like the mass incarceration of youth juveniles and mishandling of sentencing in these cases. And the harsh unfair life sentences or life without parole, which will have long term effects on their psychological development, which will impact their social and behavior interactions. This will limit their chance of ever being release. And give them an opportunity to start over with a clean slide. Furthermore, leaven a profound impact on the lives of their families. Shedding light on a decade of unfair inappropriate actions on behave of the courts. In which justice was not served in any of the cases.

Revenge in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter Essays -- Scarlet Letter es

The Scarlet Letter:   Revenge    Revenge is the act of retaliating in order to get even with someone for the wrongs they have done. In the novel â€Å"The Scarlet Letter,† the author, Nathaniel Hawthorne, uses Roger Chillingworth to reap revenge on Arthur Dimmesdale for his affair with his wife, Hester Prynne. Chillingworth becomes so devoted to revenge that is all his life revolves around. Chillingworth then devotes the rest of his life to taking revenge on Dimmesdale. As the novel progressed, Chillingworth fits the profile of ‘vengeance destroys the avenger’. When Roger Chillingworth is first introduced to the reader, we see a kind old man, who just has planted the seeds for revenge. Although he did speak of getting his revenge, when Hester first met her husband in her jail cell, she did not see any evil in him. Because Hester would not tell him who she had slept with, Chillingworth vowed that he would spend the rest of his life having his revenge and that he would eventually suck the soul out of the man, whom she had the affair with. â€Å"There is a sympathy that will make me conscious of him. I shall see him tremble. I shall feel myself shudder, suddenly and unawares† (Hawthorne, 101) As the novel develops, Roger Chillingworth has centered himself on Arthur Dimmesdale, but he cannot prove that he is the â€Å"one.† Chillingworth has become friends with Dimmesdale, because he has a â€Å"strange disease,† that n eeded to be cured; Chillingworth suspects something and begins to drill Dimmesdale. â€Å"†¦ The disorder is a strange one†¦hath all the operation of this disorder been fairly laid open to me and recounted to me† (Hawthorne, 156). As Chillingworth continues to drill Dimmesdale, he strikes a nerve. â€Å"You deal not, I take it, i... ...Now go thy ways, and deal as thou wilt with yonder man† (Hawthorne, 192). Chillingworth’s plan for revenge is based on Dimmesdale not confessing to his crime. When Dimmesdale confessed to the crowd on Election Day, Chillingworth pleaded with him not to tell. â€Å"Old Roger Chillingworth knelt down beside him, with a blank, dull countenance, out of which life seemed to have departed. Thou hast escaped me†¦thou hast escaped me! He repeated more than once.† (Hawthorne, 268). Once Dimmesdale had confessed and died, Chillingworth had nothing to live for. â€Å"At old Roger Chillingworth’s decease (which took place within the year).† (Hawthorne, 272). Revenge destroys the avenger, fits the life of Roger Chillingworth. He devoted his entire life to revenge, and what happiness did he have to show for it? Had Chillingworth not been so jealous, he might have had a better life to live.

The Trinity: The Oneness of God

Before I try to explain an infinite God with my finite brain, I will bring this verse to mind: Proverbs 3:5-7 states, †Trust in the Lord with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all your ways acknowledge Him, and he will make your paths straight. Do not be wise in your own eyes; fear the Lord and shun evil. † So, with this in mind, I will attempt to explain the Trinity. The best way to explain the Trinity is not with a statement, but with a question. If l were to take an egg, and crack the shell in half, and then use a strainer to separate the white and the yoke, then, if I set all three parts down separately on the counter, there would be three different things, with three completely unique characteristics. The shell is the protective coat, the white is the nutrition for the growing chicken, and the yoke is the thick protein substance that becomes the chicken. The question, then, is: Which one is the egg? Most people would probably want to say. Well, the yoke is the most important, and therefore it is the egg. † However, it is not the most important, because all three are essential to bringing life. Without the yoke there could be no chicken. Without the white, it could never survive, and without the shell, it is breakfast. So then, the egg is all three put into one. There is only one egg, but it consists of three parts. I believe that examples such as the egg, and other examples such as electrons, protons, and neutrons, r eveal the characteristics of God Almighty. The properties found throughout the Universe in Quantum Physics, etc. , show that things are consistently made of sets of three–the very substance of our matter, things smaller than electrons, protons, and neutrons are built on sets of three. I and many others believe that these attributes are all the fingerprint of God, revealing His divine characteristics. Paul even before we saw such evidences in nature said: For since the creation of the world God's invisible qualities– his eternal power and divine nature– have been clearly seen, being understood from what as been made, so that men are without excuse (Rom 1:20, NIV). Of what our finite brains can understand, God is much like the egg, only on an infinite scale. God is three unique persons, known as The Father, The Son, and The Holy Spirit. Very clearly, throughout the Bible, God declares that there is only one God, see Isaiah 44:6, and yet all three are referred to as God. In Revelation 1:17-18, Jesus takes th e same title of First and Last that God the Father declared for Himself in the passage in Isaiah. How many firsts and lasts can there be?. Then, in 2 Corinthians 3:17, the Spirit is identified as the Lord, and we know then, that he must be one with Christ, for in 1 Corinthians 8:6, Paul states that there is only one Lord, Jesus Christ. It also speaks of reaping eternal life from the Spirit, Galatians 6:8, which puts Him in equality with God, for only God can give eternal life. Like the egg, each part, member, form, or â€Å"person† (for lack of any sufficient words) of the Trinity has His own unique features, but if you took one away, a vital piece would be missing. The Father loves the Son (John 3:35), the Son loves the Father, The Spirit loves Them both and vice versa. This is why God is not an egoist. During His life on earth, Christ always pointed the finger toward God the Father, to glorify Him. Then, after the resurrection, The Father gave His glory to Christ, and whenever you see the Holy Spirit at work, He will always focus the attention to what Christ did on the cross. They work together in perfect unity, for they are One, but they are distinct in the actions and characteristics that we see. One of the most unique examples, however, that God has given us of His own divine nature, of His own Oneness, is that of marriage: Then God said, â€Å"Let us make man in our image, in our likeness, and let them rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air, over the livestock, over all the earth, and over all the creatures that move along the ground. † So God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them (Gen 1:26-27, NIV). God is not alone even though He was before anything; He was never alone. When He created man, He said that it was â€Å"not good for man to be alone,† and created a â€Å"help-meet† (Strong's #5828, 5048), an ally or helper suitable for man (Gen. :18). And scripture declares, â€Å"For this reason a man will leave his father and mother and be united to his wife, and they will become one flesh† (Gen 2:24, NIV). In this simple aspect, God's infinite and divine Oneness is foreshadowed by the example of marriage that God has given us. However, marriage is but a glimpse–a picture–a shadow, of th e Oneness that is found in the Trinity. We were created in His image, but we are but a vague reflection. Amazingly, through marriage, we learn to be unselfish, to serve another person, to become one with another person. God longed to teach us of His own Oneness, and through marriage, we can get a glimpse into the Awesomeness of God. In marriage, the husband learns to lay down his life for his wife as Christ laid down His life for the church, and the wife learns to submit to her husband like Christ submitted to the Father, and said, â€Å"†¦ yet not my will, but Yours be done† (Luke 22:42, NIV) when He suffered on the cross. So, each spouse learns to die to their own desires for the sake of their spouse, and through this we are taught of the Oneness of God. A marriage done the right way, teaches each spouse of the Oneness and the unselfish nature of God Himself. We truly are fearfully and wonderfully made (Ps. 139:14) in the image of our God (Gen. 1:27). Therefore, if you want to understand the Oneness of God, get married and lay down your life for your spouse. Lay down your selfish desires, learn to serve someone else's desires above your own, and then you will catch a small glimpse at our infinite God. Do not take what I have said to turn marriage into a â€Å"form of† the Trinity, for it is not the same thing, for it is finite and temporary. Rather, marriage is but shadow, a reflection, a glimpse into the Eternal, a glimpse at â€Å"I AM THAT I AM, The Almighty God. † We were created in His image, but we weren't replicas. God is infinite, uncreated, and we will forever be finite and created beings, can something created become an uncreated eternal being–I think not. Only God â€Å"was, is, and is to come. † However, through the things that God has given us, we can see His divine characteristics in the world around us and in the examples that God has made to reveal to His creation the loving, unselfish God that He is. FootNotes I have put only a few verses above, and have not made the best argument for the Trinity since my goal is not proving the â€Å"existence of,† but in helping with the â€Å"understanding of. † If you struggle with whether or not the Trinity is taught in scripture, I can only say to read the Bible a lot, and pray that the Spirit will give you understanding. Read 1 Corinthians 2:6-16. Some verses that may be helpful are Isaiah 43-46, where God constantly says that there is only one God–Period. Then, John 1:1-14, which is one of the most self explanatory passages–â€Å"†¦ and the Word was with God and the Word was God†¦ and the Word became flesh. Isaiah 44:24 says that the Father alone stretched out the Heavens, but Christ is also acredited with the same work, so how was he alone unless they are one. Other points of interest would be Isaiah 43:10, John 10:30, Mal. 2:10, Col. 2:9, Col. 2:10 (God the Father is given credit for raising Christ, but elsewhere, Christ credits Himself with the power to raise himself from the dead–Matt. 26:61, John 2:19) {Acts 5:31, Isaiah 43:11-12, Isaiah 45:21-22}. Now, these are just some of the verses that I compiled in about 10 minutes doing key word searches. Reading the Bible, I have found innumerable verses that reveal the Trinity.

Did all Americans benefit from the boom in the 1920’s? Essay

The USA had massive industries and had lots of natural recourses. The post First World War boom started for a number of different reasons particularly the rise of new industries and new methods of industrialisation. It led the world in new technologies. It developed technology such as automobiles, telephones, and electrical appliances. America sold to Europe as well as to a domestic market and therefore national wealth grew. Henry Ford’s car plants employed many workers to assemble the cars, and many more were employed in supply industries such as steel, leather, glass and rubber. In addition there were thousands of people working in road construction for the cars to run on. Because of general prosperity many people could now buy products on credit or borrow money from the banks easily. Many of the Americans believed that they had a right to prosper; they wanted to have a nice house, a job and lots of food. People believed that the best way of life was to spend as much money as possible. The First World War also contributed to the boom, other countries who had borrowed money started to pay some of the money they owed with interest. Europe imported goods from America to help build up their own economies. The older industries such as coal, leather and textiles didn’t do to well. Coal had competition from oil and electricity which was being used at a bigger rate than coal. Leather and textiles didn’t have much competition from other countries but there was competition from man made materials. Also there was competition from the Southern States were the labourers were paid less for longer hours. The growth of industry made it worse for the ordinary people because they weren’t needed to do they’re jobs anymore because their jobs were taken over by machines which could do the work in half the time. 32% percent of America’s income went richest 5% of the population, 10% percent of the income was shared out between the poorest 42% of the people. The unemployed people included many of the poor whites but there was a bigger majority of unemployed blacks and Hispanic immigrants. Approximately 42% of Americans now lived below the poverty line and they didn’t even have enough money to buy food, clothing, housing, heating or any of the bare necessities for their families. Even though many of these people could not afford to buy products, the amount of goods had doubled. The farming industries were hit quite badly too. There was competition between the efficient Canadian farmers in the north who were importing wheat at much cheaper prices so America rather brought from them. America had also put tariffs onto exports and therefore Europe weren’t importing as much produce as they used to. There were many rural banks that went bankrupt because farmers weren’t getting enough money back to pay the banks. Another factor was that the population in America was falling and therefore there was less demand for the produce and there was tons of wheat that no one wanted. The farmers were producing enough food for exporting and for the country but there weren’t enough people to eat all of the food. There was enough food for the farmers and fourteen other families. At this time many Because of the introduction of technology and machinery less labourers were needed and in the 1920’s six million rural Americans were unemployed. These people didn’t have the right expertise to be employed in the cities. Three quarters of a million blacks were also unemployed when they lost their jobs on the farms. In conclusion, we can see that the boom did not bring prosperity to all. Rather, while the urban population, in particular those involved in the new industries as well as the middle classes generally certainly benefited during the ‘boom years’, the rural population particularly in the grain belt suffered as a result of over production and shrinking markets.

Talking About Pop Music and Musicians

Talking About Pop Music and Musicians Getting teenagers and younger students to talk can be a real challenge. This lesson focuses on using a True or False game as a means of motivation to get them discussing their favorite types of music and musicians. Pop Music Lesson Plan Aim: Getting teenage students to converse in English Activity: True of False game Level: Intermediate Outline: Activate vocabulary by asking students about a number of musicians, names of instruments, verbs used in speaking about music, etc.Divide the students into small groups and give the students the Music: True or False handout.Ask students to discuss each statement and decide if it is true or false giving reasons for their decision.Go through each statement selecting a student from each group to give their opinion Scoring: one point for a correct answer, 0 points for a simple true or false, one point for an explanation, one point for a grammatically correct explanation. Total possible points on any given question: Three. One for the correct answer, one for an explanation, and an extra point for a grammatically correct answer. Extend exercise by having students create True or False statements of their own to be shared with other groups. Music: True or False Decide if each statement is true or false. Explain to members of your group why you think the answer is true or false. The Back Street Boys were originally named The Boys Next DoorMadonna has decided to give up her career in singing and become a nun beginning in 2002.Elvis Presley said, I dont know anything about music. In my line you dont have to.Rock and Roll music was first approved of by the US Government because of its patriotic message during World War II.In its early years, rock and roll music was believed to make teenagers crazy, drug-deranged, and/or promiscuous.Rap music star - Vanilla Ices real name is Robert Van Winkle.The Spice Girls have all been trained as classical musicians. Each member of the group is not only a wonderful singer, but can also play an instrument at a professional level.In 1994, singer/musician Paul McCartney sent back his razor, shaving cream, and other products to the Gillette Co. to protest the manufacturers use of animals in the product testing.Luciano Pavarotti cant read music.The Red Hot Chili Peppers are based in Spokane, Washington where they grew up. Keep reading to find the correct answers to these statements. True or False Game Answers See how well you did! The Back Street Boys were originally named The Boys Next Door -  FALSE Madonna has decided to give up her career in singing and become a nun beginning in 2002. -  FALSE Elvis Presley said, I dont know anything about music. In my  line  you dont have to. -  TRUE Rock and Roll music was first approved of by the US Government because of its patriotic message during World War II. -  FALSE In its early years, rock and roll music was believed to make teenagers crazy, drug-deranged, and/or promiscuous. -  TRUE Rap music star - Vanilla Ices real name is Robert Van Winkle. -  TRUE The Spice Girls have all been trained as classical musicians. Each member of the group is not only a wonderful  singer,  but can also play an instrument at a professional level. -  FALSE In 1994, singer/musician Paul McCartney sent back his razor, shaving cream, and other products to the Gillette Co. to protest the manufacturers use of animals in the product testing. -  TRUE Luciano Pavarotti cant read music. -  TRUE The Red Hot Chili Peppers are based in Spokane, Washington where they grew up. -  FALSE

buy custom Legal Aspects of Information Systems Security essay

buy custom Legal Aspects of Information Systems Security essay Computer security threats are not limited to companies at all. Computer systems via network are vulnerable to many threats. The effect of various threats varies significantly; some affect the confidentiality or integrity of data while others affects availability. Business operation is disrupted by these threats and is exposed to the risk of significant losses if attacked. It is important to understand the types of threat that are encountered in online business and how they manifest themselves. Calder, (2006) says to stay safe online requires a combination of behavior and tools that are appropriate and proportionate to the cyber threat and computer-related risk (p. 2). According to Rauvid (2005), information security is a complex issue which deals with the confidentiality, integrity and availability of valuable data, sitting within business critical systems, and subject to world class threats (p. 5). Some of the biggest security online business face includes; Trojans, data loss, organ ized crime networks, virus, cyber espionage, phising, internet threats among others. Trojan which is also known as spyware often sits silently on company systems. They monitor users and their computer activities, and then steal sensitive data. They try to access information that no one would want to get out. That include collecting users personal information like; password, credit card number etc, then stored it in file, where it can easily be retrieved over the internet. Online business exposes one to this threat because people are mostly tempted to open online programs which seems to be legitimate but instead ends up compromising security and cause a lot of damage. In some cases, simply visiting a website can result in the automatic installation of unwanted software. This technique, known as drive-by downloading can lead to automatic acquisition of a spyware program without permission or notification (Botha, Bothma, Geldenhuys, 2008). Trojan opens a communication port and report back to computer through the internet. This intrusion by Trojan has grown so rapidly a nd now represents a critical threat to online business. Firms communicate to their customers or client via the internet. This is very essential for the business success but its fraught to security threats like data loss and its possible consequences. Data loss poses a major risk to individual as well as organization which mishandle entrusted data or information. Company should ensure that confidential and sensitive data is well protected. Photopoulos (2008) explains that in addition to customer, constituent, and employee information, sensitive data encompasses business and operational information whose disclosure would violate a legal agreement or deny organization a competitive advantage to its competitor (p. 4). There should be a proper strategy to bring down number of instances of data loss. Effective data security can be attained by combined effort from both the company and its employee. This evident as Photopoulos (2008) puts it that both organizations and individuals are acutely aware of the risk from the loss of sensitive informati on. Businesses heavily rely on data and information to make critical decision and therefore its security should be emphasized. nline business also faces threat of organized crime. It is primarily about pursuit of profit and is understood by continuation of business by criminal means. Internet and the continuing growth of online business offer enormous new opportunities. Sophisticated cyber networks such as Russian Business Network are responsible for creating and distributing much of the malware responsible to business losses. Parker (2004) gives example an of organized crime attack to online business as an attempt at electronically rerouting a package or delivery, manipulating financial networks, or altering the value of commodity such as electricity, to profit from the change (p. 225). To grip organized crime it is advisable to have strategic thinking about cyber-security in planning and implementing security measures. This is particularly important if online business is to reach its full potential and companies avoid significant losses. Computer viruses have increased substantially causing a big threat to online business. They spread from one computer to another when its host is taken to the target. Historically many businesses introduced policies requiring that employees do not software that has not been virus checked on their employers equipment (Brock Azim-khan, 2008). These policies were enforced to protect spreading of virus. But as Brock and Azim-khan (2008) continue to explain these days majority of viruses are introduced through the internet, via e-mail, accessing a website or within a document (p. 120). The anatomy of Internet allows computer viruses to spread extremely fast and much effectively infect millions of computers. They spread by following means; removable disk, e-mail attachments, or from downloads off the internet. It is more likely to contract a virus from the web than from any other packaged software. Due to this reason online business is more prone to viruses which are major challenge to suc cess. Computer viruses are dangerous to online business because of their ability to attack at many levels. Though virus protection cannot be hundred per cent effective there must proper measures minimize chances of attacks. This is due to the effects they have to online business; according to Brock and Azim-khan (2008) they are costly and waste business time. Business secretes are very critical and business cannot afford to lose them especially to competitors. Competitors will use this information for their advantage. in online business cyber espionage is threat to survival of business. Attackers attempts to get information of individuals, competitors, government, and rivals for personal, political, or economic advantage. Mostly this is done via internet or cracking techniques and use of malicious software. The motive cyber spying to gain access for secret information is for an ethical and illegal strategic advantage. While companies must act in their interest, potential damages resulting from cyber espionage deserves equal attention. Companies in online business have also been victim of phishing. Users are tricked into handing over control of their online accounts. This is done by spamming out authentic-looking emails that claim to come from well-known e-business institutions such as paypal, eBay etc. the methood used by spammers have become sophisticated and its now increasingly being used as a tool for online fraud or theft. Companies which transact online should take an important step of using an integrated gateway security to protect IT infrastructure. Internet threats have presented a state of dilemma to online business. The fact that internet itself is not a secure environment has been a challenge. This has made companies to find the means of protecting themselves from these threats. For example they use antivirus software to guard against virus threats. These antiviruses should be updated regularly in order to be effective. Also backing up data frequently and enlightening users of the system, ways of minimizing transmission of virus is encouraged. To deal with unauthorized, access most companies enforce authentication of user through use of password. Since password doesnt guarantee sufficient protection, companies have taken another step to enforce sure security by using more sophisticated authentication technologies. These include voice and handprint recognition, coded ID cards or eve retinal scanning system. In addition of putting security measures online business also requires ethics. World Wide Web is not a haven for good bu siness ethic because it is filled with unscrupulous characters that are eager to get rich. With a new revolution in business taking place, the following ethical issues; security, confidentiality, and privacy are important. Most companies in online business implement security system as part of the infrastructure that implements their process. Customer need to be assured of the security of online system they are dealing with. According to Singh and Waddell (2003), all business operate in a climate of insecurity, be that financial or otherwise and are increasing pressure report in accordance with environmental sustainability and social responsibility (p. 253). The issue of security is very critical for online business and it should be give attention it deserves. Confidentiality of information is vital for all companies. The big challenge of any online business is how to keep this ethics. When accessing information online employees may unknowingly disclose very crucial company information to competitor, rival or enemy. It is also tricky for online transactions to maintain confidentiality for both seller and the prospective buyer. Privacy has also been an issue to online business. Consumers or customer feels that their privacy is threatened when required to fill personal information online. An effort must be made to keep law of dealing with problems such as spam and privacy, and also investigate how it can be amended and harmonized globally to provide sanction and backing to self regulatory and technical solutions. In conclusion we can generally agree that business transactions have gone beyond simple information processing to redefined relationship between an organization and its clients, suppliers, partners and competitors. Technology has provided foundation to embrace aspect of producing, buying and selling product or services online. However there are potential security threats which must be analyzed in order to be successful in e-business. Buy custom Legal Aspects of Information Systems Security essay

Richard Taylor - Civil War - Confederacy - Lieutenant General

Richard Taylor - Civil War - Confederacy - Lieutenant General Richard Taylor - Early Life Career: Born January 27, 1826, Richard Taylor was the sixth and youngest child of President Zachary Taylor and Margaret Taylor. Initially raised on the familys plantation near Louisville, KY, Taylor spent much of his childhood on the frontier as his fathers military career compelled them to move frequently. To ensure that his son received a quality education, the elder Taylor sent him to private schools in Kentucky and Massachusetts. This was soon followed by studies at Harvard and Yale where he was active in Skull and Bones. Graduating from Yale in 1845, Taylor read widely on topics pertaining to military and classical history. Richard Taylor - Mexican-American War: With the rise of tensions with Mexico, Taylor joined his fathers army along the border. Serving as his fathers military secretary, he was present when the Mexican-American War began and US forces triumphed at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma. Remaining with the army, Taylor took part in the campaigns that culminated in the capture of Monterrey and victory at Buena Vista. Increasingly plagued by the early symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis, Taylor departed Mexico and took over management of his fathers Cyprus Grove cotton plantation near Natchez, MS. Successful in this endeavor, he convinced his father to purchase the Fashion sugar cane plantation in St. Charles Parish, LA in 1850. Following Zachary Taylors death later that year, Richard inherited both Cyprus Grove and Fashion. On February 10, 1851, he married Louise Marie Myrtle Bringier, the daughter of a wealthy Creole matriarch. Richard Taylor - Antebellum Years: Though not caring for politics, Taylors family prestige and place in Louisiana society saw him elected to the state senate in 1855. The next two years proved difficult for Taylor as consecutive crop failures left him increasingly in debt. Remaining active in politics, he attended the 1860 Democratic National Convention in Charleston, SC. When the party splintered along sectional lines, Taylor attempted, without success, to forge a compromise between the two factions. As the country began to crumble following the election of Abraham Lincoln, he attended the Louisiana secession convention where he voted in favor of leaving the Union. Shortly thereafter, Governor Alexandre Mouton appointed Taylor to lead the Committee on Louisiana Military Naval Affairs. In this role, he advocated raising and arming regiments for the defense of the state as well as building and repairing forts. Richard Taylor - The Civil War Begins: Shortly after the attack on Fort Sumter and the beginning of the Civil War, Taylor traveled to Pensacola, FL to visit his friend Brigadier General Braxton Bragg. While there, Bragg requested that that Taylor aid him in training newly-formed units that were destined for service in Virginia. Agreeing, Taylor commenced work but turned down offers to serve in the Confederate Army. Highly effective in this role, his efforts were recognized by Confederate President Jefferson Davis. In July 1861, Taylor relented and accepted a commission as colonel of the 9th Louisiana Infantry. Taking the regiment north, it arrived in Virginia just after the First Battle of Bull Run. That fall, the Confederate Army reorganized and Taylor received a promotion to brigadier general on October 21. With the promotion came command of a brigade comprised of Louisiana regiments. Richard Taylor - In the Valley: In the spring of 1862, Taylors brigade saw service in the Shenandoah Valley during Major General Thomas Stonewall Jacksons Valley Campaign. Serving in the division of Major General Richard Ewell, Taylors men proved tenacious fighters and were often deployed as shock troops. Through the course of May and June, he saw battle at Front Royal, First Winchester, Cross Keys, and Port Republic. With the successful conclusion of the Valley Campaign, Taylor and his brigade marched south with Jackson to reinforce General Robert E. Lee on the Peninsula. Though with his men during the Seven Days Battles, his rheumatoid arthritis became increasingly severe and he missed engagements such as the Battle of Gaines Mill. Despite his medical issues, Taylor received a promotion to major general on July 28. Richard Taylor - Back to Louisiana: In an effort to facilitate his recovery, Taylor accepted an assignment to raise forces in and command the District of Western Louisiana. Finding the region largely stripped of men and supplies, he commenced work to improve the situation. Eager put pressure on Union forces around New Orleans, Taylors troops frequently skirmished with Major General Benjamin Butlers men. In March 1863, Major General Nathaniel P. Banks advanced from New Orleans with the goal of capturing Port Hudson, LA, one of two remaining Confederate strongholds on the Mississippi. Attempting block the Union advance, Taylor was forced back at the Battles of Fort Bisland and Irish Bend on April 12-14. Badly outnumbered, his command escaped up the Red River as Banks moved forward to lay siege to Port Hudson. With Banks occupied at Port Hudson, Taylor devised a bold plan to recapture Bayou Teche and liberate New Orleans. This movement would require Banks to abandon the siege of Port Hudson or risk losing New Orleans and his supply base. Before Taylor could move forward, his superior, Lieutenant General Edmund Kirby Smith, commander of the Trans-Mississippi Department, directed him to take his small army north to aid in breaking the Siege of Vicksburg. Though lacking faith in Kirby Smiths plan, Taylor obeyed and fought minor engagements at Millikens Bend and Youngs Point in early June. Beaten in both, Taylor returned south to Bayou Teche and re-captured Brashear City late in the month. Though in a position to threaten New Orleans, Taylors requests for additional troops were not answered before the garrisons at Vicksburg and Port Hudson fell in early July. With Union forces freed from siege operations, Taylor withdrew back to Alexandria, LA to avoid being trapped. Richard Taylor - Red River Campaign: In March 1864, Banks pressed up the Red River towards Shreveport supported by Union gunboats under Admiral David D. Porter. Initially withdrawing up the river from Alexandria, Taylor sought advantageous ground for making a stand. On April 8, he attacked Banks at the Battle of Mansfield. Overwhelming Union forces, he compelled them to retreat back to Pleasant Hill. Seeking a decisive victory, Taylor struck this position the next day but could not break through Banks lines. Though checked, the two battles compelled Banks to abandon the campaign begin moving downstream. Eager to crush Banks, Taylor was enraged when Smith stripped three divisions from his command to block a Union incursion from Arkansas. Reaching Alexandria, Porter found that the water levels had dropped and that many of his vessels could not move over the nearby falls. Though Union forces were briefly trapped, Taylor lacked the manpower to attack and Kirby Smith refused to return his men. As a result, Porter had a dam c onstructed to raise the water levels and Union forces escaped downstream. Richard Taylor - Later War: Irate over the prosecution of the campaign, Taylor attempted to resign as he was unwilling to serve with Kirby Smith any further. This request was denied and he instead was promoted to lieutenant general and placed in command of the Department of Alabama, Mississippi, and East Louisiana on July 18. Reaching his new headquarters in Alabama in August, Taylor found the department to possess few troops and resources. Earlier in the month, Mobile had been closed to Confederate traffic in the wake of the Union victory at the Battle of Mobile Bay. While Major General Nathan Bedford Forrests cavalry worked to limit Union incursions into Alabama, Taylor lacked the men to block Union operations around Mobile. In January 1865, following General John Bell Hoods disastrous Franklin-Nashville Campaign, Taylor assumed command of the remnants of the Army of Tennessee. Resuming his normal duties after this force transferred to the Carolinas, he soon found his department overrun by Union troops later that spring. With the collapse of Confederate resistance following the surrender at Appomattox in April, Taylor attempted to hold out. The final Confederate force east of the Mississippi to capitulate, he surrendered his department to Major General Edward Canby at Citronelle, AL, on May 8. Richard Taylor - Later Life Paroled, Taylor returned to New Orleans and attempted to revive his finances. Becoming increasingly involved in Democratic politics, he became a staunch opponent of the Radical Republicans Reconstruction policies. Moving to Winchester, VA in 1875, Taylor continued to advocate for Democratic causes for the remainder of his life. He died on April 18, 1879, while in New York. Taylor had published his memoir entitled Destruction and Reconstruction a week earlier. This work was later credited for its literary style and accuracy. Returned to New Orleans, Taylor was buried at Metairie Cemetery. Selected Sources Civil War Trust: Richard TaylorGeneral Richard Taylor TSHA: Richard Taylor

Auditing and Assurance Service Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Auditing and Assurance Service - Essay Example The fact that David Jones sells its products across various countries means that it can apply price discrimination effectively. Price discrimination is possible in the company because the markets in various locations are independent. Britton and Jorissen (2007) assert that price discrimination occurs when the same products are sold at different prices in various markets. For instance, an iPhone can be costing $2000 in the USA yet the same exact iPhone costs $1800 in Australia. However, the concept of price discrimination presents a potential risk of loss of sales. This occurs in the sense that customers are knowledgeable and they might identify this difference in prices and seek alternative means such as purchasing the products online. David Jones operates in a retail industry, which has its own regulations and practices. Adhering to all the regulations can sometimes be a daunting task and as a result, the company may result to ignore some regulations (Higgins, 2004). This scenario presents the possibility of compliance risk in which the company can be closed down by relevant authorities for failure to comply with set standards. David Jones operates in a retail industry, which is very dynamic. Changes in tastes and preferences for various products for the company can plunge the company into strategic risk, which might result in loss of sales. The strategic risk in David Jones also occurs when other rival firms merge and increase their business performance, which may edge David Jones out of the market. Financial risk is yet another potential business risk facing David Jones. The company has two main sources of finance, which is equity and debt capital. Monye (2006) claims that if the company decides to finance its operations from debts the going concern is threatened because it might not be in a position to honor its financial obligations.

Middle Class Struggles Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Middle Class Struggles Critique - Essay Example The final agreement was that one spouse could hold on to some money ranging from $19,000 to $95,000 according to the state. The law makers gave one spouse the right to refuse any financial obligation thereby shifting the partner's responsibility to the Medicaid. After his old parents could not look after themselves, Adam Albenico was confused on the next step to take considering his parent were from a middle class background making it hard for them to qualify for Medicaid. He visited Mr. Russo an elder-care lawyer and the chairman of the Medicaid task force for the National Academy of Elder Care Attorneys. He presented his case about his ailing father who needed a nursing home services pointing out that long-term care would exhaust their savings in 15 months. Mr. Russo educated him about Medicaid and advised him that his parent's assets be transferred to his mother so that she could sign the legal forms refusing to support her husband. He did this and a nursing home accepted his father but insisted that Albenico should pay for two months of care upfront or $15,000 in case his father's Medicaid application did not go through. He later sold his mother's property to finance her assisted living move but her mother later run out of money and Albenico together with his sister continued paying t

Does History Repeat itself Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Does History Repeat itself - Research Paper Example Today, we still relive the sinking of Titanic. The truly amazing invincible ship created by mankind was said to be unsinkable. Now we glance back and say if perhaps those who work in charge might have listened. There are several events in everyday life that warrant listening, or even the outcome may cause the painful regrets. Then, you will find others which are like water on the duck’s back; you are able to shake them back. Whenever we don’t remember to learn from history, it’s determined to repeat itself. There's a prediction in the Bible that will repeat itself, and the sad thing is that people still won’t listen (Gary L. Pleasant). Based on some school of thoughts, â€Å"The things which took place within history will never be same happening in present. Instances might occur which are similar, but they are never exactly similar. To investigate this statement we must know precisely what's meant by the phrase ‘History always repeats itself’ . History is written down records of the past, but there might be several versions of the event. Always means all the time, constantly, constantly and continuously. And repeat means something which happens over and over without exceptions. Therefore the statement means an event needs to occur continuously in the same situation again and again over time, with similar factors influencing it. It's impossible for something to occur over and over without exception also it being exactly the same as time before, because things are never stand still; also it can never be the same as the previous time (Harbison, 1990). Based on another school of thoughts, history record of events, as of the life span and development of people or institution, often including a reason of or commentary on those events. History includes a long and wide perspective for example the histories of people, the greater society as in historical events, kings, queens, wars, a history of Vikings, chronicle of volcanoes an d natural events, an inmate with history of drug abuse, chronicle from the rivalry, history of Shakespeare etc. Chesterton continues this simile the following: â€Å"Without some such contrast or comparison, without some such shifting from the perspective, we ought to see nothing whatever in our own social surroundings. We ought to take them for granted since the only possible social surroundings.† (Scott, 2007) Undoubtedly â€Å"history does repeat itself†; being human no-one can ever appear to go above greed, envy, hatred, blood lust, and desire to have power, resulting engage in same scenarios again and again. Taking into consideration illustration of 1812, when Napoleon headed French Troops into Russia for number of reasons. Only because of insufficient proper planning entire invasion along with a tendency to reside from the land drawn in early pushes, Napoleon’s Army was defeated through the Russian weather. Likewise in 1942 Hitler ordered about 4. 5 millio n German along with other Axis troops to invade into Russia, due to the fact he thought simple to use target. Because of insufficient proper planning full extent of invasion and ability of the Soviet Army to trade land and soldiers for time, Hitler’s Army was defeated. Both in examples the leaders exceeded their grasp seriously underestimated the resolve from the Russian/Soviet people and government. Logistical difficulties reared their head, due to the

Boston University as One of the Institutions of Higher Learning Essay

Boston University as One of the Institutions of Higher Learning - Essay Example Since I was young, I had been yearning to join a medical school which will enable me to achieve my long-term goal. Boston University is one of the institutions of higher learning with a very good medical school. Therefore, joining this institution will provide me with an opportunity to interact with sharp minds and people whom we share the same dreams. In addition, the institution has invested heavily in research materials. Medical courses require extensive reading and research. Therefore, the university has the best platform to enable the students to carry out their researches. Moreover, it is well known for being the best university when it comes to the sciences. This is because it has well-equipped science laboratories, libraries, and other important facilities to support science courses. The school is also known for having highly qualified lecturers who are able to get the best out of the students. Therefore, being in this institution will be a rare opportunity to be taught and s upervised by the best minds that we have in the country. The location of the university meets my personal plans. The university is located in the city and near my house. This will lower my cost of being in the institution (Kydd 34). Besides the location, the university offers the best academic and consultations services that help the student to choose the right classes that ensure that they succeed in the medical school. Therefore, I am looking forward towards joining the alumni of this renowned institution who are known for their remarkable contribution towards making the society a better place to live in.

Business Operations and Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Operations and Systems - Essay Example As the discussion stresses people reported horrific incidents like parcels being thrown past the main gate or dumped in a bin near the recipient’s house. The courier service companies focused severely on the operational costs that a missed mail would incur. They hardly cared about the efficient service that they should be providing to the customers. In the UK, 12% of deliveries fail during the first visit, costing the industry an estimate of ? This study highlights that opinions came flooding in, suggesting that the courier companies should develop software which could enable them to track down the customer’s current location and deliver the mail at the right time, right place and to the right person. Blackbay, a company providing services to courier firms, has developed a Smartphone application which enables the delivery firms to track the current location of its customers. This would not only enhance the ability of the courier companies to make more 'first time' deliv eries but also reduce the number of complaints from the consumers. Apart from focusing on the IT service providers, bankers and advertising agencies, the company should also focus on the logistics department, as logistics is considered to be an integral part of the company. As per a survey, the companies in the UK which performed an in-house logistics to reduce cost levels was in a saturation state compared to the companies which outsourced logistics services. Retail companies with large and complex networks had to depend on third party Logistics Company, which not only focused on delivering products on time but also aimed at providing good service.  

Boston University as One of the Institutions of Higher Learning Essay

Boston University as One of the Institutions of Higher Learning - Essay Example Since I was young, I had been yearning to join a medical school which will enable me to achieve my long-term goal. Boston University is one of the institutions of higher learning with a very good medical school. Therefore, joining this institution will provide me with an opportunity to interact with sharp minds and people whom we share the same dreams. In addition, the institution has invested heavily in research materials. Medical courses require extensive reading and research. Therefore, the university has the best platform to enable the students to carry out their researches. Moreover, it is well known for being the best university when it comes to the sciences. This is because it has well-equipped science laboratories, libraries, and other important facilities to support science courses. The school is also known for having highly qualified lecturers who are able to get the best out of the students. Therefore, being in this institution will be a rare opportunity to be taught and s upervised by the best minds that we have in the country. The location of the university meets my personal plans. The university is located in the city and near my house. This will lower my cost of being in the institution (Kydd 34). Besides the location, the university offers the best academic and consultations services that help the student to choose the right classes that ensure that they succeed in the medical school. Therefore, I am looking forward towards joining the alumni of this renowned institution who are known for their remarkable contribution towards making the society a better place to live in.

Toyota Operations Exposure Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Toyota Operations Exposure - Assignment Example This paper is aimed at the provision of an in-depth analysis of the impact of the exchange rate movements in the manufacturing and sales of Toyota in Europe. The paper begins by providing the reasoning behind a long time it took for Toyota to shift manufacturing of Europe sales operations to Europe, followed by an analysis of the impact of British Pound joining the European Monetary on Toyota, short-term and long-term problems that faced Toyota, and solutions to the determined problems provided. The reasons for the Toyota taking so long in moving manufacturing operations to Europe sales to Europe include the capital intensiveness and complexity of manufacturing production. The need for Toyota enjoying economies of scale and scope in the production of vehicles destined for global locations and avoiding the capital requirements for the development of manufacturing locations in Europe. The possibility of increasing production in Japan at a low cost per unit would have been the other reason behind the long period taken by Toyota to set up manufacturing plants and capacities in Europe until 2004. The lack of manufacturing plants in Europe resulted in losses to Toyota in Europe sales owing to an operational exposure that arose from the euro losing value compared to the Japanese Yen (Khan & Jain, 2007, 35). The reasons for Toyota continuing to incur losses through not setting up manufacturing plants in Europe include the need to maintain competitiveness in the Europe market (Kandi l, 2000, 4). Another reason that could have made Toyota take time in making the decision to set up manufacturing plants in Europe for Europe sales is the large size of the company with massive production capabilities in Japan. The large amounts of  production in Japan allowed for efficiency, greater employee understanding, high technology and smooth operations, factors that must be developed in new manufacturing plants affecting the ability of the company to deliver quality and at a lower cost.

How Fidel Castro is a Revolutionary Essay Example for Free

How Fidel Castro is a Revolutionary Essay Some men are born great, some achieve greatness, and some have greatness thrust upon them. Those were the words of William Shakespeare in â€Å"Twelfth Night†. Some men are born and die without been sung. Their impact is not felt and they die to be forgotten by men. On the other hand, some leave their prints on the sand of time, their names and memories warm in the hearts of men. Such men are rare and are called legend, their names remembered by generations to come. Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz is such a man. There comes a time in any nation when history is made. When the government of any given state fails in its responsibility, then there is need for a change. At such times, the people naturally desire a change because their trust and hopes have been drained. The people clamor for a new government, a fresh vision and seek a new hope. The question that raises concern in the minds of the people of such state is who will bear the touch? Who will lead the struggle against oppression? Who is the fearless man that will fight for what he wholly believes in? In South Africa, it was Mandela, in India it was Gandhi, in America, it was Martin Luther and in Cuba it was Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz. One thing is peculiar of these people They were all great revolutionary leaders in their countries. Who then is a revolutionary? A revolutionary is a person who promotes or actively engages in a form of revolution. Revolutionaries are often of the idea that a change is needed and that such changes might not come without forcing it out. The use of violence is acceptable once the desired result is achieved. A revolutionary believes and seeks to uphold certain ideals or ideology. If history is to be written, the archives of Cuba will not fail to recognize Fidel Castro. For one thing, he is arguably the most prolific leader that the country has produced. He is not just a leader but he was the one that spearheaded the revolution in the nation of Cuba. His impact on the nation of Cuba can not be overemphasized. Today, one can hardly talk about the nation of Cuba without mentioning the name Fidel Castro. The question is how did this man, born like you and I were, create a niche for himself. How did he become a revolutionary leader? What exploits did he perform that made his name indelible in the annals of history? Lawyer, Cuban Revolutionary, political leader, and the former President of Cuba, Fidel Castro was born on August 13, 1926 on Cuba’s North coast to Don Angel and Linda Castro. His parents were immigrants from Spain who had come to fight the United States during the Spanish- American war of 1898. He was trained under the Jesuit priests who instilled discipline, dedication and assertiveness into him. His interests were in issues that had to do with politics and government. He immersed himself in the polemical climate of Cuban politics, nationalism, anti-imperialism, and socialism. As a student of Havana University, he was elected the president of The Law Student’s Association. He had his degree in law at the University of Havana in 1950. In 1951 he became a leader in the emergent populist political movement led by the Partido del Pueblo Cubano. The group was known in Cuba as Ortodoxos, an anti-Communist nationalist group promising major social, economic and political reforms, and expecting to gain the presidency through electoral politics. He had planned to contest for a position in the congress but his plan was foiled when Fulgencio Batista usurped the constitutional government. When this happened, Castro and some of his folks who had the mind of contesting in the elections before the government was taken started planning a means of overthrowing the government. Later in 1952, Fidel Castro plotted his own quixotic revolt, this he did by leading 130 followers to attack the Moncada army barracks in Santiago on July 26, and 1953. The attack was a poorly planned fiasco in which the rebels tried to bluff their way in. They intended to overpower the 1,000-man garrison, seize some weapons, and then hand them out to crowds of supporters who never rallied to their cause. In 1955, he was granted political amnesty and he later left Cuba for Mexico where he began to train an expeditionary force. He later formed a guerilla force that aimed at a revolution that was filled with promises of land reforms, jobs and equity for all. This made the militants grow by the day. The people of Cuba began to see a new hope and a new dawn. They will give anything they can to stop the dictatorial rule of Fulgencio Batista. In 1956, Castro launched the revolution with the help of the 82 man strong guerrilla. Unfortunately, they were ambushed by the Cuban Army and were almost killed by the invasion. At the end of the day, only Castro and eleven of his men managed to escape from the hands of the Cuban Army. At this point, it was apparent that there was no man power to win this revolution. Therefore, Castro began a massive campaign where he sought to win the peasants to his side. After two years of confrontation, the revolution turned out to be a victory as he has already won most of the peasants to his side. This victory is so significant because Fidel Castro’s Guerrilla will be the first to will a military in Latin America. This proved him to be a great political strategist. On the 1st of January 1959, the Cuban revolution began with him being at the center of it. Many people joined this revolution for different reasons. It was believed that Fidel Castro will return the country to a constitutional rule, and the reaffirmation of civil and political rights. For others, who envisioned a major re-structuring of the society, the issue was social justice. These people placed their future into the arms of Fidel Castro and so it was easy for him to establish himself as the sole leader of the intended government. However, once he got to power, Castro steered his country towards communism and collective ownership of properties. He believed and practiced communism in its possible way. This made the landowners and the American nation furious. Apparently, Batista had previously developed relations with America. This came to an abrupt end at the advent of Castro’s communism. All privately owned businesses, both the ones owned by Cubans and/or the one owned by internationals were taken over by the government. Prior to this time, the America was almost in total control of the industries in Cuba. They made money from the Cubans without fuss. The standard of living of the average Cuban citizen was greatly altered. The major idea of communism is that the working class should be in charge of the government. At this point, privately owned property was regarded as illegal. Castro was of the idea that the money of the country should be distributed equally to all citizens, according to their needs. Also, the government controls the lifestyle of its citizens. Education is also an integral part of the new Cuba’s Communist government. As Castro had hoped for, these changes did have impressive short-term effects for Cuba. Serious illness and economic hardship were almost nonexistent and Cuba had the greatest number of teachers and doctors in that area of the Caribbean. It was a new dawn for Cuba as people seemed to be looking toward a better and more relying future with Castro in charge. However, these benefits did not come without a price. For instance, in order to protect the new forms of communism, Castro eliminated elections and freedom of the press, imprisoned political opponents, and made religion a thing to be ashamed of. Castro then began to act like his counterparts who were leaders of communist countries, doing things such as putting industry under government management, claiming the property of people not born in Cuba, creating communities for agriculture, and establishing laws to help laborers and peasants . Cuba’s new form of government not only affected its people, but also affected its own relationships with other governments around the world. International reactions varied from country to country about the communism in Cuba. Many of Cuba’s newly enforced laws and government created barriers with neighboring Latin American nations and in 1962 Cuba was dismissed from the Organization of American States. Because of the United States’ opposition of Communist governments, they were quickly on bad terms with Castro and Cuba. The United States government was led even further in their decision to end any relation they have with Cuba after the Cuban government seized all land owned by Americans Not all nations were in opposition to Cuba’s change of government. As a matter of fact, Cuba enjoyed a cordial relationship with The Soviet Union. The Soviet government, which was also Communist, assisted Cuba by offering financial aid, trade and the overdue payment of Cubas debts. Apart from these, Cuba was also accepted into the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) in an agreement signed in 1972 with the Soviet Union. Through his long rule as the Leader of Cuba, there have been several attempts made by the US to assassinate him. All these efforts have proved abortive as he has tactfully eluded them. In 1961-63 alone, the CIA recorded hundreds of violent sabotage operations, including several assassination attempts that relied on everything from exploding cigars to bacteria-infected handkerchiefs and aerosol sprays laced with LSD. According to Mr. Castros security services, the CIA and Cuban exiles in Miami hatched no fewer than 638 plots to kill him. All these plots have proved abortive. Fidel Castro is a legend. He has lived a life of impact and we are learning about him today. Whatever the view might be, one thing is certain; Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz is a revolutionary – one that will not be forgotten generations to come. Reference: †¢ Buckman, Robert T. World Today Series- Latin America 2000. Harpers Ferry, WV: Stryker-Post Publishers, 2000. †¢ Fidel Castro Cuban Leader. Newsmaker Profiles. Internet. 28 November 2000 http://www. cnn. com/recources/newsmakers/world/namerica/castro. html †¢ Kolb, Richard K. Cold War Along the cactus Curtain. VFW Magazine Jan 1999. SIRS. 18 October 2000 †¢ History of Cuba. Internet. 14 November 2001 http://www. emayzyme. com/lectures/HISTOR~/. htm †¢ Horne, Jed. Fidel’s Cuba: Revolution Running on Empty. Times-Picayune Publishing Corporation 14 March 1993. SIRS Knowledge Source. 30 October 2001. †¢ Jervis, Rick. Cuba. Scholastic Update 23 February 1998. EBSCOHost. 14 November 2001. †¢ Fidel Castro. Anti Essays. Retrieved March 26, 2008, from the World Wide Web: http://www. antiessays. com/free-essays/699. html †¢ Fidel Castro. BigNerds. com. Retrieved March 26, 2008, from the World Wide Web: http://www. bignerds. com/show. php? eid=699 †¢ Situation and Prospects in Cuba. (1963, June 14). (Item No. CC03127). Retrieved May 8, 2002, from Digital National Security Archives database. †¢ Chapo, Richard. (2006, October 28). Ten Interesting Tidbits About Cuba. EzineArticles. Retrieved March 25, 2008, from http://ezinearticles. com/? Ten-Interesting-Tidbits-About-Cubaid=341249 †¢ Intelligence. (2008). In Encyclop? dia Britannica. Retrieved March 25, 2008, from Encyclop? dia Britannica Online: http://www. britannica. com/eb/article-233697 †¢ Rodriguez III, Alejandro. (2008, February 19). Fidel Castro Cubas Leader Steps Down Changes Nothing. EzineArticles. Retrieved March 25, 2008, from http://ezinearticles. com/? Fidel-CastroCubas-Leader-Steps-Down-Changes-Nothingid=996440 †¢ Castro, Raul. (2008). In Encyclop? dia Britannica. Retrieved March 25, 2008, from Encyclop? dia Britannica Online: http://www. britannica. com/eb/article-9439238 †¢ http://www. marxists. org/history/cuba/archive/castro/ †¢ http://www. heritage. org/Research/LatinAmerica/wm1188. cfm †¢ http://www. cnn. com/2008/WORLD/americas/02/24/cuba. nextpresident/

How Do The Social Media Affect Our Culture Media Essay

How Do The Social Media Affect Our Culture Media Essay Ill just quickly go to Erics house to see if Erics Home, and ask what hes doing tonight. I hope that Monica is not involved with Eric, although I often see her talking to that guy. Or shall I call Amber, because I heard she likes me. That was a typical youngster life about 50 years ago. When you wanted to talk to someone, you went to him or her, or gave them a phone call. That was our way of interacting with people in our culture back then. Quickly looking if Eric has posted something this night on Twitter. Hoping that Monica isnt doing something this evening, although she often sends messages to that guy on Facebook. Or shall I talk to Amber on Facebook chat? She likes all my pictures, maybe she fancies me? This is a more modern approach which we would use nowadays. Just compare the two examples, and you see the big difference. Therefore we can ask ourselves the question: Are we connected better nowadays with social media, or are we worse off? ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Our culture has norms and values. It makes us who we are, what we feel connected to and how we behave. One of the aspects of culture is social interaction between people. How we behave to one another and in which way we do that. Social media has taken a big role in our social interaction. We no longer have to speak to a person to know what they are doing. We just look on twitter of Facebook. Or we give them a quick message on MSN or Whatsapp. This leads to less real-life or physical contact. This could be seen in a negative and in a positive way. The real connection such as visual and emotional expressions arent shown anymore, because you both look at a computerized display. This way messages could be understood differently than they should be, because they dont get to know the real meaning behind the message. Social media can create a gap between generations. The majority of social media users are teenagers or young adults. [fact1: 50% of the world population is under 30 years of age] Although more and more people start to use this type of media, it are especially younger people who start using social media, not adults. People who are for example 50 years or older do have trouble to keep updated with all modern technology like computers, not even mentioning the social media use on these computers. We dont have a choice on whether we DO social media, the question is how well DO it Erik Qualman Social media can also be dangerous. That might sound odd, but you all might have experienced the dangers of social media before. When you posted something on Facebook or Twitter, and after that you regret that you made that post. Thats a negative side of internet. We all have to be careful now with what we do or what we say. When things are put on the internet, it can stay there forever. When there was no internet, words that were said would just be forgotten after a certain time, and people couldnt copy it. Now with social media, messages can be copied, duplicated and spread so easily that you really have to be careful with what you say. Your privacy can also be put to the test by showing and sharing all the things you do. People know what you are doing, where you are and what your status is. [fact1: there are over 110 million updates posted on Facebook and Twitter every day] Many people dont do anything with it, but some will use that information for purposes you dont want them to use. So called leaking info can also be dangerous. For example in important negations or other meetings, there have been multiple people who accidentally leaked important and secret information which were shown in such meetings. There are other things important too for our culture. Our very own Dutch language for example. Its used less and less on social media. This is due to the globalization and English being used more and more often as an lingua franca. [fact1: if Facebook were a country, it would be worlds 3rd largest country in terms of population] Nowadays you see and increasing use of English: English quotes, abbreviations (brb = be right back, omwt = on my way to.. and ftw = for the win) or complete English sentences. There are multiple reasons for this: English sounds a lot cooler than some Dutch words. Some jokes are only funny in English or you have an audience in mind that doesnt speak your language, but who do speak English. Social media is not only negative. On the other hand contact is made easier, because you have a sort of safety behind your computer or mobile phone. Nobody sees you. You can act out who you want (remember though: this can be deceiving too). You also make contact easier via social media. Many people prefer a message via internet on e.g. Facebook or Twitter than giving them a call or go by and visit them. People are usually more shy in public. Therefore you can say that there could be more social interaction between people, and a reason for that contact is made easier than before. Social media invites people to write more messages, updates or other messaging. You have to keep updated by reading your friends updates, but you have to post what you are doing too; making dinner, going to the beach or just going to sleep. [fact1: visiting social sites is now more popular than checking personal email] It reaches all your updated friends on social media, so the message you sent is multiplied dozens of times. Its like give a speech to a huge square filled with people. The only difference with that speech is that social media messaging happens every minute, those speeches only take place a certain amount of times in a year, because not everybody wants to group-up too often. Focus on how to BE social, not how to DO social Jay Baer Social Media are sometimes called the biggest shift since the industrial revolution. We all notice that social media has turned into something really big. Some use it more often than others, but our culture has changed. There is now more contact via internet. Will this in the end kill our social cohesion and will groups of people be left out? Or will our social interaction become extensive and will our relationships get better? These are all questions which cant be answered yet and can only be answered in the future. The thing we do know is that how social media changes our culture is all in our hands; how we deal with it. Be careful with what you do on social media, because before you know it, social media can blow it. It is a great gift though, and with proper and with humble use, we all can enjoy the use of it; whether Monica is doing something tonight or if Amber is really into me.. -Ivo Brouwer

Environmental Intervention :: Informative, Health Interventions

The six types of health intervention are identified as educational, managerial, legislative, environmental, structural and individual-population methods of intervention. Education intervention, people can act purposely only when the know what to do; they are more motivated to act if they know they are personally menaced in general they prefer truth to falsehood. All dimensions can be influence by education and by knowledge seeks to produce. (14) Meanwhile, critics mention that education intervention is that knowledge flows from the top to the bottom of social hierarchy and from experts to lay people. (15). According to this position, people act in ways that profession seem unhealthy, they must do it from ignorance. (16) Managerial intervention consists of changes in work practice or management. Policies or other rules designed to guide behavior at a particular site. (17) In most cases such interventions often take place in hospital and clinics. Some example from health services include modification to rule about record keeping, second opinion or case audit as well as decision to implement in service training or second opinion continues education activities for an entire staff (18) however, this type of intervention may be completely ineffective if they are not proceeded by extensive strategies of how administrative policies and management practice influence existing behavior. Anthropologist Judith justice provide an important example of managerial intervention in Nepal when she described the failure of a problem to send assistant nurse midwives to rural areas in Nepal. (18). The program enacted largely because of international pressure, paid insufficient attention to the political context and cultu re. (19) Legislative intervention offers cover large audience and usually carries explicit premiums (e.g. tax incentives) or penalties (e.g. fines or jail terms) legislative intervention requires support from policy makers and takes time to pass and implement. (20) In some cases, legislative intervention involves a struggle between completing interest group with significant reserves at stake. The legislative changes that alternative sale tactics of nestle company in hospital cause about largely because of consumer pressure. (21) Environmental intervention changes the physical space or the use of physical space, so as to link a desire outcome inextricably with some practice (22) traffic laws focuses on the objective is to reduce the number of traffic fatalities, environmental intervention can modify how car behave in an accident through implement a traffic law. Other factors also restrict the use of environmental intervention because the category term such as place is still poorly conceptualized and measure in epidemiology.

What changes are planned for Portobello road in the near future?

After investigating how Portobello road was like 10 years ago, how it is like today and why these changes have occurred, there is a noticeable land use pattern that is changing as technology develops and more improvements are proposed by the council. One of the main goals for the government is to bring down the unemployment rates to below the average in inner London (see figure on page ) in order to achieve the goal, the council are going to offer a grant up to a maximum of i300 to each person aged 25 and over, this will enable them to purchase any items which are required in their job descriptions such as tools or clothes for interviews. The royal borough are also planning to organise a youth training centre which delivers NVQ levels 1 and 2, literacy, numeracy and key skills qualifications, and are hoping to offer skills training to 16- 18 year olds, many of whom have no educational qualifications. Although these solutions may tackle the problem of unemployment, it is not guaranteed that everyone will use the grant given, to purchase work items, and as a result a lot of money will be wasted. The council also want to offer the royal borough a better quality of life, by making the area cleaner, safer, healthier and more attractive as a place in which to live and work. One of the ways in which to do this would be to for the council to keep its own detrimental impacts on the environment to the lowest practical levels. The environmental services department are also aiming to improve street cleansing and improve trade waste collection services. It aims to get 60% of businesses involved in recycling by 2003. It is also piloting a cycle delivery scheme in Portobello road. All these improvements will improve the quality of life for residents and will also increase tourism, which will be financially, a benefit to the trade on Portobello road. Above were the general improvements being proposed for the whole borough, but is more useful to study the improvements being proposed for the 3 main sections of Portobello road. Proposed improvements for the Northern section of Portobello road (Goldbourne ward) One of the proposals for this area is to make this part of the road a one way southbound in order to avoid congestion, heavy traffic, noise pollution and gas emissions, and so reducing the number of accidents, and therefore increasing the safety for pedestrians. Hopefully this proposal will attract more visitors and there will be more trade. The council also intend on improving the maintenance of shops, so they look more attractive and visible, and therefore gain more passing trade (mostly from tourism). However this approach may prove to be a disadvantage, as the increase in tourism would result in conflict between local residents and tourists and so resulting to high crime rate. The third proposal that will be put forward by the council, concerning this part of the road is to improve street lighting and ensure that brighter lighting will reduce the number of car accidents and bring crime rates to a minimum. Finally, improving direction signs and providing simple market maps near tube stations and shops, should encourage more tourists, and allow them to feel more comfortable finding their way around the area. Proposed improvements for the Central section of Portobello road (Colville ward) The central section of Portobello road is also in need for improvement, and therefore a number of proposals have been made, taking into account that this part of the road is dominated by the fruit market and so remains active all week. The first proposal being made to the central section is the removal of on street parking, because the continual presence of traders' vans prevent easy access to the shops on the Westside of the street and also provide an additional cover for an on street crime. Also on weekdays pedestrian flows are higher in this section then anywhere else on the road, (as shown in the flow chart fig. 2. 11) so the removal of on street parking on these days at least would provide a more relaxed and attractive shopping environment, which would turnover the general appearance of the area for the better. Another proposal being suggested is to revise a one-way system to reduce traffic, and so avoiding accidents and providing a safe environment for the visitors and pedestrians. In order to encourage more midweek trading the council have also proposed for large eight feet by nine fit pitches to trade upon. The council have also made a proposition to start a customer complaint system, as in the black cab trade, this should hopefully allow the customers to come forward about any queries involving the market trade, i. . reporting tatty shop fronts, to generally improve the appearance of the area, etc. The main problems caused in this section are linked to the arrival of major chain stores such as Tesco and Woolworth's, which are inevitably continuing to raise standards in their search for more market share, and therefore continuing to grow in number, both in terms of floor space and profits. However any expansion of these major stores must be at the expense of retailers elsewhere, such as small family businesses. One of the reasons why chain stores are successful is because their range of goods are continually expanding, quality control standards are high and customers are allowed to select items of their own choice under a spacious, convenient and comfortable environment. In order to match up to these standards, small businesses will be encouraged to improve the range of goods on offer, provide a high standard of display, increase shopper comfort, introduce a customer complaint system and reduce the level of rubbish on the street. The council will also provide a larger pitch for local stores to trade upon. Proposed Improvements for the Antique section of Portobello road (Pembridge ward) This section of Portobello road remains active all weekend, and benefits largely from tourism. Therefore the propositions being put forward by the council have been modelled so that they would not result in a significant reduction in the retail function of this area. The 1st proposal being put forward concerns the issue of on street parking which is usually illegal, this need to be removed in order to relieve pedestrian congestion on Saturdays and give Saturday antique traders the chance to unload and load directly from Portobello road, this should hopefully reduce conflict between drivers and pedestrians, however this would result in parking difficulties for most residents as their spaces would get occupied by the large number of customers who wish to park their cars. Restrictions to vehicle access to residents between 10-2pm needs to be enforced in order to remove any possibility of vehicle -pedestrian conflict on Saturday to provide visitors with a spacious, relaxed, car free environment. The council have also proposed to have better pedestrian crossing facilities at Portobello road and west borne grove junction, in order to increase the safety of visitors and other pedestrians. Widening the pavements across the road would provide visitors with a single large through fare with attractive displays of goods on both sides. The council have proposed improvements to street lighting in all three sections of the road, in order to keep crime rates at a minimum and increase the levels of safety. Direction signs and street maps are also up for improvement in order to make them clearer and allow customers to move around freely and so to encourage trade. Promotion and advertisement on all parts of the road have been encouraged, in order to publicise the road and gain more passing trade.

Japan’s Economic Malaise Essay

An affluent economy has the dynamics to identify their financial strength and prosperity by the principles they practice and execute. However, when a country becomes overly confident on their abilities to remain consistent as a global power they become vulnerable to complacency. A nation’s economic wealth becomes susceptible when they no longer recognize the potential risks that may lead their country to either a recession or total collapse of their economy. Japan’s economic malaise clearly articulates how the country’s failure to recognize the strategies they set for their nation would lead to one of the biggest economic catastrophes in the world. Japanese Economy Stagnated Beginning in the early 1980’s up to 1989, Japan’s economy had grew at a record pace. The Nikkei stock market was up over 600 percent and property prices reached levels never seen before. Society was recognizing a wealthy standard of living that boasted the world’s second largest economy. By early 1989, Japan would experience an improbable market crash that would eventually devastate their hope for continued success. In addition, property prices began to drop significantly in response to the stock market’s immediate downfall. The simultaneous reaction of Japan’s stock market and property prices led to deflationary issues throughout the country. Deflation occurs when there is a continuous fall in prices. The fall in prices become the beginning of a greater issue. Consumers and businesses begin losing confidence in the economy by trying to minimize the amount of cash they spend and begin saving more to survive. Optimism levels drop dramatically causing a pattern of ambiguity on whether their country has the ability to recover. While Japan was beginning to endure their setbacks, banks began to eliminate lending as property prices began a downward spiral. Debt rose to extreme levels and many businesses started to notice their financials were diminishing causing them to tighten their expenses, decrease their staffs, wages, and salaries. The resulting factors led Japan into one of the deepest recessions of their history. For the last 20 years, Japan’s stagnate economy continues to sequence through a deflationary cycle. Lessons and the Deflationary Spiral Although there have been modest improvements, Japan recognizes the challenges that lie ahead in order to restore the economy they once had. Some of the lessons that other nations can learn from Japan’s last 20 years are to incorporate a strategy and vision for their country. In addition, they must be cognizant of how deflation can vividly affect a country’s wealth and how a deflationary cycle can disturb its chances to prosper. While it is important to understand some of the lessons that other nations can learn from Japan, it is vitally essential for countries to know how to avoid a deflationary spiral. One of the ways a country can avoid a deflationary spiral is to embrace a continuous strive for economic development through education and job growth. As of June 2012, Japan’s unemployment rate stood at 4.6% compared to 2.0% in 1989. Job creation and education promote opportunities that have the potential to turnaround a deflationary spiral. Japan’s Economy to Prosperity Lastly, by recognizing how Japan continues to have difficulties with deflation their struggles offer some opportunities that they can utilize to enhance their economy’s wealth. According to Hill (2013), Japan could reverse this trend by increasing immigration or boosting the birthrate, but neither of these seem likely at the moment (Hill, 2013, p.96). Although Hill has reservations on whether immigration or boosting the birthdate may not be likely due to a cynical population, Japan must evaluate all of their options in order to persevere. In addition to the potential of increasing immigration and boosting the birthrate, Japan should also consider raising their sales tax. If Japan raises their sales tax of 5% in increments of 1.0% each year over the next five years, they will be able to offset some of their discretionary costs such as welfare and other governmental benefits to help ease some of the deflation they are enduring. While there may be many options to get Japan’s economy moving again one of the most advantageous methods is to evaluate how they fell into a deflationary spiral. Japan must acknowledge and learn from their inaccuracies by developing productive procedures that incorporate inflexible checks and balances in order to recognize their faults and establish an economical plan that will restore hope and optimism with in the Japanese population. Conclusion Japan’s economy has gone through significant challenges over the last two decades. By recognizing how Japan continues to have a stagnated economy, the lessons learned to prevent other countries to fall victim, how to avoid the deflationary spiral, and how to reinvigorate Japan’s economy, leaders can gather great insight on how to manage their own economies. In the international world of business transactions and economic trends, countries must exercise good intentions for their nation and maximize sound judgment in a way that promotes confidence and assurance that they are making the right decisions. Japan’s economic malaise over the last 20 years proves the importance and severity of what can happen if a country lacks the vision and strategy to succeed. References Fingleton, E. (2012, January 6). The Myth of Japan’s Failure. NY Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com Hill, C. (2013). International Business, Competing in the Global Marketplace (9th ed.). McGraw-Hill Irwin. Shilling, G. (2012, June 4). Japan’s Debt Sustains a Deflationary Depression. Bloomberg News. Retrieved from http://www.bloomberg.com

Types of Speeches Essay

â€Å"There are always three speeches for every one you actually gave: the one you practiced, the one you gave, and the one you wish you gave.† – Dale Carnegie, Writer and lecturer Public speech comes in dozens of forms. From the motivational to the ceremonial, the christening to the eulogy, the rehearsed best man to the impromptu – the chances are good that in your lifetime, you will experience just about every genre of public speaking. We will explore a variety of speeches styles in this course, so here is a preview of the speeches we’ll attempt! Memorable Speech No matter where your career takes you, at some point you’ll engage in conversation with a business partner, a client or a customer about a previous job, an unusual experience or even your family. It will be your opportunity to â€Å"wow† them with a good story. In this assignment, let’s pretend that you’re in that situation, and you want to wow us with a good story! This speech is simply a well told story or event from your life. It should be interesting, it can be entertaining – but ultimately, I want it to be a story that you’re familiar with and enjoy telling. Treat us as if we were friends at a round-table discussion, and you want to tell us something that you know we’ll enjoy. Pop Culture Speech This assignment will give you the freedom to reenact a speech that is relevant to our current popular culture or current events landscape. President Obama’s inaugural address. The Tiger Woods’ apology speech. Jeff Bridge’s Oscar acceptance speech. Make sure you define the speech and illustrate its social significance. Become the speaker and transport your audience to the scene. Invoke the same emotion that the speaker gave. Demonstration Speech This assignment will give you an opportunity to educate the audience on how to do something, how to create something, how something is done, or how something works. Audience consideration is key here – it’s important to keep in mind that we’re in a collegiate, professional classroom, so ‘How to Water Your Garden’ might not be particularly interesting! But, something like: techniques for drawing a sketch book, or how to make the perfect fettuccini alfredo, or how to create a secure network for a wireless router, might appeal to your listeners. Start thinking about visual aids that you could use for this assignment, as these will be major assets to your presentation. Informative Speech The choices are truly endless for this assignment! To help scale down your options, pick something that interests you, that you think will interest the audience, and that the audience doesn’t know a lot about. Provide valuable information in this speech – open our eyes to a subject we barely know. Describe pros and cons. Briefly summarize the history. But be careful not to drift into persuasion – there is a fine line between informing us about a topic and persuading us to think a certain way about it. Your task in this assignment is to present unbiased, objective facts. Persuasive Speech In this assignment, you will have the opportunity to persuade your audience to think a certain way. In many cases, this serves as a natural progression from your informative speech, because now you are tasked with taking a stance on something and defending your viewpoint. Make sure you clearly state data and statistics that support your claims. Give us facts thatconvince. Appeal to the beliefs and sensibilities of your audience. Visual aids always add great value to one’s argument, so use them when you can. Strengthen your side by disclosing an opposing view, but discredit it – a great way to bolster support for your side. The Fear of Public Speaking â€Å"According to most studies, people’s number one fear is public speaking. Number two is death. Death is number two. Does that sound right? This means to the average person, if you go to a funeral, you’re better off in the casket than doing the eulogy.† — Jerry Seinfeld, comedian What is it about public speaking that sends chills down our spines? The causes of glossophobia (public speaking anxiety) have long been studied, and although no single cause has been identified as the key culprit, studies have repeatedly shown that more people are afraid of public speaking than death. Consider the following statistics: The Top 10 Global Fears are: 1.Fear of public speaking (Glossophobia) 2.Fear of death (Necrophobia) 3.Fear of spiders (Arachnophobia) 4.Fear of darkness (Achluophobia) 5.Fear of heights (Acrophobia) 6.Fear of people or social situations (Sociophobia) 7.Fear of flying (Aerophobia) 8.Fear of open spaces (Agoraphobia) 9.Fear of thunder and lightning (Brontophobia) 10.Fear of confined spaces (Claustrophobia) Research has proven that a fear of public speaking can have negative effects on careers, and hinder success if not addressed. Three out of four individuals across the world suffer from speech anxiety. Simply put, 75 percent of all humans fear public speaking. Up to five percent of the world’s population (hundreds of millions of people) experience glossophobic symptoms in a given year. Some studies have found that a larger percentage of females suffer from speech anxiety related problems. More men than women seek treatment to cure fear of public speaking through means like hypnosis therapy, beta-blockers or self-help literature. Social phobias often start with shyness in childhood or early adolescence, and progress during maturation, according to scientific studies on fears of public speaking. What is Extemporaneous Speaking? Extemporaneous speaking (sometimes referred to as extemp or extempo) is a speech format where an orator delivers to an audience without assistance from notes, teleprompters or the like. In its finest form, it is a smooth, dynamic performance that mixes subject knowledge, humor, research and fact. Conduct this exercise: Look around the room you are in right now. Choose an object at random. Something on a shelf, the window sill, the floor, just a random object near you right now. Now look at a mirror and try talking about that object for 60 seconds without stalling, stopping, pausing, or using any fillers like ‘umm’ or ‘uhh.’ Whatever comes to your mind about that object, just rattle it off! Can you fill a full 60 seconds with substance? You don’t have note cards, you didn’t rehearse, you just chose something you were familiar with and spoke on it for a minute. That’s speaking extemporaneously! Here are 10 tips to speaking extemporaneously: 1.Start your extemp with a good summation that grabs attention, the state the theme. 2.Develop between three and five main points. Each one should be a distinguished idea. 3.Tie each idea back to your main topic. 4.Tie each idea to the next idea. Go for smooth transitions and sensible bridges. 5.Keep it simple. Don’t try to impress your audience with fancy words. Impress them with powerful expressions and convincing facts. 6.Your subtopics should reinforce the main points. They should describe or elaborate. 7.Revisit your thesis on occasion. Remind the audience of what your main point is, and how this ties into the smaller items. 8.Cut to the chase! The audience appreciates detail, but not so much that they get lost in minutia. 9.Don’t be afraid to make a joke about your nervousness. The audience will appreciate it, and you’ll feel better about it. 10.Quit while  you’re ahead! Start smooth, support your stance, finish strong†¦ depart respectfully! Know Your Audience â€Å"Be sincere; be brief; be seated.† – Franklin D. Roosevelt, on speechmaking (1882-1945, 32nd President of the United States) Finding a connection with your audience can be the key to delivering a successful, comfortable presentation, or it can lead to the exact opposite. Chances are good that you will deliver speeches where you don’t know every audience member – and the reality is, you don’t really need to. But you do want to find some common ground early, which will help your credibility, but also help your nerves. So how do you connect? An easy and painless way is to mingle. It’s an audience analysis technique that is too often overlooked. Shake hands. Introduce yourself. Talk about the weather. When you stand before the podium or take the mic, gather your surroundings for just a moment. Smile as you survey the scene and make some inclusive observations. What’s everyone wearing? What’s the body language like? What do their facial expressions say? And where are the emergency exits Just kidding! The audience wants to feel like you’re talking to them, and they want to feel that way individually. Although eye contact is an enormous part of public speaking (and we’ll discuss it further in future lectures), it’s not realistic to look each person in the eye. So, focus on points to your west, north and east. Pick a listener at each point of the room, and focus on thosemembers. As you look left at your first focal point, then center at your second focal point, then right at your third focal point, you’re glancing over the entire audience equally. You’re pulling them into your  speech and making them feel like you’re talking to them – personally. This is a trick that doesn’t fail! In an online class, it goes without saying that your audience isn’t present – but that doesn’t mean there’s not an audience. We’re here! So treat the camera like it’s us. The window is a portal into the classroom and we’re here observing, listening attentively. So how will you connect? Think about what you’ve learned about your classmates in the Cyber Cafà © and through the video introductions. Use it to your advantage! Additional Types of Public Speaking Every speaker has a mouth; An arrangement rather neat. Sometimes it’s filled with wisdom. Sometimes it’s filled with feet. — Robert Orben, professional magician and comedy writer Each week we’ll take a close look at some of the different types of public speeches out there. This week, let’s look at three that you may be familiar with: Specialized, Entertaining, and Political Rhetoric. Specialized Have you ever gone to hear a doctor discuss a new type of study? Did you ever walk past an auditorium and catch a teacher for students with disabilities, talking to a group of other teachers about the difference in pedagogical approaches? Or what about a police chief, discussing law enforcement practices to a group of safety administrators in a different city than his hometown? The purpose of specialized speeches is to inform, educate and demonstrate to a professional audience. Listeners find credibility in the speaker based on similarities in professional or social interests. A common example would be a speaker at an educational information technology convention, where an orator addresses other faculty or school administrators in an effort to inform them of emerging technologies or best practices in the field. Entertaining Most often referred to as the ‘after-dinner speech,’ this form of public speaking is intended to entertain the audience through laughter, anecdotal humor or irony. It differs from a stand-up routine because it flows more logically, with a distinct beginning, middle and end. Speakers of this variety use entertaining material typical woven around a central premise. It’s important to note that not all entertaining speeches are aimed at the funny bone. Sentimental stories can trigger tears, and many tales are meant to appeal to the emotions in some way. Political One form of public speaking that we’re all familiar with is the political speech arena. Whether it’s your local politician lobbying to knock down an aging shopping center or President Obama rallying public support to approve national healthcare, we’re exposed to political rhetoric nearly every day. This form of speech is unique because politicians are typically speaking to like-minded people (those who would vote for him/her regardless of the topic) or skeptics (those who exhibit wariness or suspicion) simultaneously – only on the rarest of occasions do they speak to crowds of unanimous approval. Regardless, there are a few tricks to writing and delivering effective political speeches: †¢Take a stand. Clearly state your stance and support it. It’s unrealistic to be all things to all people; in fact, supporting everything means (ironically) that you support nothing. †¢Stay Energized. Every topic is important to somebody. Not every topic is spicy, but audience members are savvy and they’ll detect even the slightest bit of disinterest in a subject. Be enthusiastic and stay upbeat! †¢Facts. Check your facts. Have your staff check the facts. Double check the facts after they check the facts. Know statistics. Know dates. Know your opponents’ stances and what s/he supports. Be 110% certain that what you’re saying is true. †¢Overlook vocal naysayers. Politicians expect protesters or booing from the audience – and how a political hopeful handles such antagonists says a great deal about his/her character. The ability to approach such  behavior with a sense of humor or by ignoring the noise altogether goes a long way toward building credibi lity with those you’re attempting to persuade. Overcoming the Anxiety â€Å"They may forget what you said, but they will never forget how you made them feel.† – Carl W. Buechner, American author You’ve gotten your first two speeches under your belt. How do you feel about them? How did you feel leading up to them? In all likelihood, you were just a bit nervous as you got ready to record, and that’s normal! Preparation for public speaking is a process, and even the best of the best get butterflies right before taking the microphone. Public speaking is an art, not a science. A few common misperceptions of public speaking are: 1.That you have to be perfect to succeed. Nobody’s perfect – you’re human! You don’t have to be perfect to do anything successfully; in fact, the audience is not nearly as critical of you as you are of yourself. 2.That you have to provide a ton of information all at once. Imagine asking a server ‘What’s on special’ and getting the history of the restaurant in response. Did that answer your question? Probably not – so don’t overload your audience with information that isn’t relevant or they may already know. Give them something valuable. Send them home feeling like they’ve learned something. 3.That you have to please everyone. This is not only an unrealistic approach to audience consideration, it’s unhealthy. You can’t be all things to all beings, so don’t strain yourself trying. The audience will appreciate your message far more than your efforts to please. 4.That tremendous preparation will yield better results. Studies have shown the complete opposite – that too much preparation causes a speaker to over-think and over-scrutinize. Have a solid, working knowledge of your material, but don’t dissect every word. 5.That if you’re serious, the audience will take you seriously. The audience wants to relate to you. They  want to see your human side. Share a memory. Tell a story. Let them in on a personal experience. Never underestimate the power of humor in public speaking; humility and a good joke can go a very long way. So how can you overcome your fear of public speaking? 1.Breathe. A simple, deep inhale sends a wave of relaxation through your body. Take a deep slow breath as you walk toward the podium or approach the front of the room, and itwill calm your nerves. 2.Practice. Rehearsing in front of your family or friends is great way to get instant feedback, because if anybody is going to be honest with you, it’s your friends and family. Engage in positive visualization: close your eyes and picture yourself standing before the audience. Visualize your surroundings. Use note cards to keep you focused and highlight the main points to emphasize. Use a mirror to help gauge your eye contact and your nonverbal behavior (like swaying, shifting or playing with your hair or tie). 3.Mistakes happen. If you lose your place or stumble over a few words, just glance down at your cards, find the next highlighted word or topic, and move on. Take a deep breath and smile – the audience probably didn’t even notice. 4.Avoid Caffeine. A lot of speakers think that a quick rush of adrenaline through the system will electrify them into a phenomenal delivery. Not true. It can make you jittery, shaky and make you rush through the speech at an unhealthy pace. Go for a water or a juice to avoid dry mouth. 5.Find a target. Recall what we mentioned in an earlier lecture about your focal points. Locate a person at east, north and center to glance at every couple of seconds. That way, when you look left and right, you still have a target at center on which to focus. 6.Gesture for Emphasis. Speak conversationally and you’ll find a very natural, comfortable way of using your hands. If you get distracted by buttons or pockets, wear clothes without buttons or pockets. These are two very costly distractions! Time to Write the Speech! The task seems daunting, for sure – but it’s a task we each face at different times! Writing a speech can be an assignment that’s so open-ended it seems like there’s a never-ending abyss of possibilities, but below are some tips that may get you going! Before The Speech†¦ †¢Visualize! I cannot stress this point enough, and you’re probably tired of reading about it! Nevertheless, as soon as you receive your assignment, start the positive visualization process. Imagine yourself at the podium, or in front of the class, or on the stage. Positive visualization is subliminal preparation. †¢Start the research portion early. Even if it’s a topic you’re familiar with, it never hurts to freshen up. Find new angles on the topic. Document negative aspects that may fend off dissenters and help you prepare for tough questions. †¢Get it on paper! Jot your ideas down as they come, and begin to formally organize your thoughts. They don’t have to be lucid, elaborate ideas at this point – but capturing some of your initial considerations or inclinations ensures that they won’t get lost in the shuffle. You’ve got some ideas down, you think your subject has potential, now frame it! †¢Prepare to introduce yourself. Just a few lines about who you are before you delve into your subject builds credibility with the listener. †¢Organize your major points. Depending on the time parameters, you might be limited to as few as one or unlimited entirely – but you want to have substantive, quality information on each point. It’s widely accepted that a speech contains three major points. †¢Conclude and Convince. Summarize your speech and reiterate the most important speech. What do you want your audience to take away from this speech? Express them here once more. Done! You’ve just delivered a top-notch speech! You prepared, you researched, you organized†¦ what are you going to do now? Consider these two additional closing activities that will separate you from the rest! †¢Take some questions if time and the forum permits. This is a great opportunity to interact with listeners. It proves that they were interested, that your message hit home – but also can illuminate what areas of the speech can be tweaked. †¢Share references and resources with your audience. Unless you did  the experiment or discovered the anecdote yourself, your information came from somewhere! Acknowledge those whose information you used while creating your speech – it’s a great way to put a polished touch on the closing minutes! Additional Types of Public Speaking â€Å"The human brain starts working the moment you are born and never stops until you stand up to speak in public.† -George Jessel, Academy Award winning movie producer Each week we’ll take a close look at some of the different types of public speeches out there. This week, let’s look at three that you may be familiar with: Ceremonial, Acceptance, and Motivational. Ceremonial This speech format is most common at formal events such as recitations, graduations, weddings, etc. For example, the ‘Best Man Speech’ is the most common ceremonial speech. Ceremonial speeches are also known as epideictic speech, and language of the speaker should be inspiring, rousing and vivid. Two techniques of epideictic speech are identification (which creates a feeling of closeness, familiarity and universality), and magnification (which exemplifies overcoming obstacles, exceeding boundaries or achieving the unachievable. Five simple guidelines can direct you to a successful ceremonial speech. †¢Use concrete terms (not abstract) †¢Use personal references (not impersonal) †¢Use simple sentences (not complex) †¢Use active verbs (not passive) †¢Use repetition of ideas to enhance comprehension and memory Acceptance After receiving an award or honor, you may be expected to respond with an acceptance speech. Express gratitude, acknowledge the person or group that’s giving the award, recognize what the award stands for or represents. Four simple guidelines can direct you to a successful acceptance speech: †¢Accept the honor with grace and humility. Use magnification in an acceptance speech. †¢Give credit where credit is due. Mention those who assisted you or influenced your life. †¢Give back to the audience. Express your awareness of its deeper meaning and leave the audience with a tribute to their work or what inspired you. †¢Contextualize the future: what does this award mean to society, to the group, and express how you will continue this work. Motivational Motivational public speakers, arguably the most popular type of speaking out there, uses stories, anecdotes, illustrations, and allegories to capture the audience. Typical of motivational speaking is the delivery of a moral lesson that will uplift, inspire and or have an impact on the listeners. The most common goal is to encourage self-improvement, with the orator telling a story that crafts the mind to form a mental attachment that enables members of the audience to think: â€Å"I can do that, too.† Motivational speakers should be leery of adding political or religious elements to their content – because of the diversity of audiences, this can render a speech to be less effective, or even offensive. Verbal Style The words we choose and the terms we use define how impactful or ineffective our speech will be. Below are some typical devices used by public speakers to illustrate comparisons, repetition, magnification of a significant point, or a contrast of ideas. Devices that illustrate comparisons †¢Analogy: Occurs when similar statements are placed near one another. Analogy illustrates commonalities between ideas. ââ€" ¦Example: He tackled that question the way a linebacker would tackle a running back! †¢Metaphor: Occurs when applying a term of phrase to a statement that enhances or embellishes – but not literally applicable. ââ€" ¦Example:He jumped so high I could’ve sworn he was a kangaroo! †¢Allegory: Occurs when objects, characters or occasions are given metaphorical definitions. Typically gives identity to items that lack identity. ââ€" ¦Example: The landlord was so mad I thought he was going to spit fire! †¢Onomatopoeia: Occurs when a clever play on words uses a sound descriptor associated with the item or thing being named. ââ€" ¦Example: Did anyone else see that gaggle of geese swim by? †¢Synecdoche: Occurs when something is identified or categorized based on a part of the whole. Can often be sensational, exaggerated or a skewed view. ââ€" ¦Example: To understand the history of Italy, just read about the mafia. Devices that argue through repetition †¢Alliterations: Occurs when a succession of words carries identical sounds. ââ€" ¦Example: Nobody knew Nate could never knot his Nikes. †¢Antimetaboles: Occurs when words are repeated within the same sentence, but reversed. ââ€" ¦Example: Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country! †¢Climaxes: Occurs when items are placed in series to illustrate rising importance of emotional escalation. ââ€" ¦Example: Hope springs eternal; and with that hope springs eternal youth; and with that youth comes the hope of a generation! Devices that magnify a significant point †¢Allusions: Occurs when disconnected terms or items are mentioned in reference to a relevant discussion. ââ€" ¦Example: Bill Gates would so mad at you for using that old machine! †¢Cumulation: Occurs when related items are compiled and weight is added to an  argument. ââ€" ¦Example: How can we get any work done when the phone keeps ringing? Not to mention the internet keeps blinking †¦ and I’ve had people at my desk all day!? †¢Oxymoron: Occurs when a contradiction is obvious. ââ€" ¦Example: Thank goodness for decaffeinated coffee; how else would I get through the day? Devices that contrast ideas †¢Hyperbole: Occurs when exaggeration evokes a colorful reality. ââ€" ¦Example: The head of that department might as well be 10 years old. †¢Irony: Occurs when a statement’s meaning is recognizably opposite of the literal translation. ââ€" ¦Example: I love how it hasn’t rained for three weeks but then rains on our wedding day. †¢Understatement: Occurs when what is said is considerably less than what’s actually meant. ââ€" ¦Example: Boy, that hurricane made such a mess out of traffic. What Makes Some Speeches Great? â€Å"I gave a speech in Omaha. After the speech I went to a reception elsewhere in town. A sweet old lady came up to me, put her gloved hand in mine, and said, †I heard you spoke here tonight.† â€Å"Oh, it was nothing,† I replied modestly. †Yes,† the little old lady nodded, â€Å"that’s what I heard.† – Gerald R. Ford, President of the United States, 1974-77 What makes some speeches great? Why can Americans separated by two generations recite President Roosevelt’s Declaration of War in 1941? How is it that children less than 10 years old understand the meaning behind Dr. Martin Luther King’s ‘I Have a Dream’ speech? Why do our hearts sink when we hear Lou Gehrig tell a teary Yankee Stadium that â€Å"Today, I feel like the luckiest man on the face of the earth†? These speeches have overcome the test of time for a variety of reasons. First and foremost, they are filled with passion. There is nothing submissive or passive about them. These speakers deliver powerful jolts with every word, and the listener has no choice but to feel the subsequent emotional stir. Some historical speeches touch upon human conditions that remain fixed through each passing generation, keeping them relevant. They touch upon circumstances to which mankind relates – things like war, prejudice, tragedy and triumph. Use of urgent language emphasizes the importance of the situation. Some of the most everlasting speeches were given during times crises or social unrest, so an elevated sense of urgency is inherent in these orations. Famous speakers use their words with craft, and you’ll often find them repeating themselves for dramatic emphasis and stress. Repetition is a device used to make a direct, earnest point (this idea is explored in Week 4 Lecture 1). This also allows for listeners to more easily recall an important point, if it’s been spoken more than once. Think about a speech in your lifetime that made a major impact on you. Who delivered the speech? What was it about? How did it impact you? Speeches that impact us can range from something with international magnitude (such as President Bush addressing the nation following 9/11) to a one-on-one disciplining from a parent. Think about some of the speeches you’ve witnessed in your life – why do you remember them? Additional Types of Speeches â€Å"It usually takes me more than three weeks to prepare a good impromptu speech.† -Mark Twain Each week we’ll take a close look at some of the different types of public  speeches out there. This week, let’s look at three that you may be familiar with: Debate, Inspirational, and Newcasting/Broadcasting. Debate Debate is a formal interaction of persuasive exchange and argument. Logical consistency, factual accuracy, and a modest level of emotional appeal typically allows one side to triumph over the other through representation of a superior context and framework. Some valuable tips to debate successfully include: Never say ‘never,’ and never say ‘always.’ Don’t challenge an obvious truth. Refrain from pointing out errors, but admit if you’re mistaken. Challenge the idea, not the person. Don’t exaggerate – truth is easier to remember. Say ‘some’ rather than ‘many’. If it happens ‘often’ or ‘generally,’ you’re permitting exceptions. Say ‘many’ rather than ‘most’. Numbers and figures came from somewhere – quote them. Do not present opinion as fact – if it’s opinion, say so. Disagree with a smile on your face. Stress the positive any way every time. You can lose some battles and win the war. Concede minor points. Tone – it can empower or belittle. Be cognizant. Winning a debate isn’t worth losing a friend. Inspirational Inspirational speeches are highly emotional, motivational speeches that push listeners to pursue previously unachieved goals in life. These speeches give listeners tools and proper awareness of goal pursuit and bolster the possibility of accomplishment. A few common topics include personal growth, career advancement, team building and leadership development. Inspiration has no limits, so audience consideration hinges on social and practical factors like education, status, class and personal interests. Inspirational speech writing is often considered a five-stage scheme: †¢Stage 1: Include a word structure that attracts the attention of the audience. †¢Stage 2: Diverse testimonies that expose the ineffectiveness of current solutions, but proposes promising, successful solutions to all problems . †¢Stage 3: Attainment of satisfaction – innovative thoughts empower the audience to learn of new ways to satisfy a need. †¢Stage 4: Positive visualization of new pra ctices through imagery, emotional representation and visual aids. †¢Stage 5: Motivate the audience to transform plans into actions. Newscasting/Broadcasting This type of public speaking constitutes a professional brand of speech transmitted through media outlets such as radio, newspapers or other print publications, television and internet services. Broadcast speech is typically written in present tense to convey a sense of urgency – a unique twist on delivering information from speaker to listener. It delivers a sense of ‘now’ and when written in active voice, can be very dramatic and breaking. When writing or speaking to the masses, it’s best to stay with a less-is-more mantra. Sentences in journalism tend to be short and economical – as in, they are easy to read, easy to understand, and say a lot with few  words. Contractions are usually permissible with one exception: be very careful contracting ‘not’ – sometimes the audience can’t hear the –n’t—following the verb and it can lead to serious miscommunication. Always, always, always attribute your infor mation to its source. Humor is not typically a part of journalistic prose – it can blur the line between serious and lighthearted. Nonverbal Communication, Part I What does it mean when we smile? When you see a person sitting on a bench with a cell phone to her ear smiling, what can you conclude about her conversation? When a couple is walking through a parking lot holding hands, what can you surmise about their relationship? When you see a man motoring down a sidewalk with a stronghold on his briefcase and frantically checking his watch, what can you deduce about his day? Nonverbal communication surrounds us – in fact, it’s been estimated that as much as 90 percent of all communication is nonverbal. That’s a staggering amount that’s worthy of deeper discussion. Since the topic is so vast, we’ll focus on a few common, key points about nonverbal communication. †¢Physical Environment: The study of proxemics focuses on how people use and perceive the space surrounding their physical presence. Enviro-factors like noise, lighting, crowd, temperature, furniture, even the way you decorate your bedroom – it all impacts you nonverbally. There are four distinct territories of proxemics: ââ€" ¦Primary: Space allotted to someone who has specific rights to it. Example: Your home, apartment, dorm – these are primary spaces that are exclusively yours. Others require your consent and knowledge to enter. ââ€" ¦Secondary: Space not allotted to someone, but people may still feel a specific ownership of that space. Example: You go to a restaurant once a week, and sit in the same booth each time. If you enter the restaurant and someone is sitting in that booth, you are slightly irked by the fact that they’ve occupied your secondary space. ââ€" ¦Public: Space that is available to all, but not always. Example: Anyone is free to park  anywhere they like, unless a space is already occupied. †¢Interaction: Space created during an interaction. Example: If two people are sitting at a table talking to one another, nobody will sit in between or obstruct their view of one another (they would be disrupting the interaction space). †¢Movements: The study of kinesics began in the early 1950’s with a study of how people communicate through facial expression, gesture, body movement and posture. ââ€" ¦Posture can indicate a person’s degree of interest, a status separation between communicators, or the level of fondness the listener has for the communicator. Arm position, body orientation, direction of lean and body openness are all examples of posture. ââ€" ¦Have you ever given someone a wink? Chances are you have – and your gesture was probably well received! Gesturing is a silent body movement that can indicate a number of verbal messages. A hand wave to say hello, a thumbs up to indicate approval, an eye roll to indicate a negative reaction â€⠀œ all gestures that speak. †¢Nonverbal Cues of the Voice: Have you ever been told to â€Å"Watch your tone†? If so, you were warned to be careful of your paralanguage. Qualities like volume, pitch and tempo; even articulation and eloquence give each of us a unique voice print. The voice set describes the context within which someone is speaking, and can encompass mood, age, gender, even culture. †¢Eye Contact: Studying eye contact during public speaking, or oculesics, is a fascinating experiment. Eye contact typically indicates interest, attention and engagement. This is not to be confused with eye gazing. So what does it all mean? What does nonverbal communication really tell us? It expresses emotions and interpersonal feelings; it accompanies speech in managing the cues of interaction between speakers and listeners; and it manages inaudible cues between speakers and listeners. When Do You Say No? â€Å"There are two types of speakers, those that are nervous and those that are liars.† – Mark Twain, American author and humorist Could you stand up and give us a presentation on nuclear biophysics? How about pharmacology or pathophysiology of the lifespan? Neither could I – because we’re not knowledgeable on the subjects. These topics are well out of our comfort zones. Now†¦ could you stand up and tell us how to make Ramen noodles or eggs benedict? Probably! As important as it is to know your facts on things that interest to you, it’s equally important to know your boundaries. When is it ok to pass on a speaking opportunity, or even pass on a particular topic? †¢If the topic is too technical or methodological, and you’re simply not versed enough in the material to discuss it, move on. Choosing a topic that’s rich with medical terminology would produce unsatisfactory results. Your heart wouldn’t be in it, and you’d lose interest quickly or worst of all – procrastinate until it was too late. Regardless, the resulting performance would not please. †¢If the audience knows more than you do, you’re likely to be recognized as a fraud quickly. I wouldn’t recommend speaking on a topic that you’re modestly familiar with, when the listeners are experts or considerably more savvy than you. Don’t even think about a question-and-answer segment! †¢If you’re under the weather, it’s simply not your day. You would not want to sit through a lecture where the speaker was coughing, snee zing, had a raspy, scratchy voice and looked generally unhappy to be there – so don’t be that person. If venues can reschedule concerts, hosts can reschedule your presentation. Even in this class – it might be worth waiting an extra day to hit the record button, to make sure the germs are gone! Make no mistake – I’m certainly not advocating that you not research new things, or explore new topics or investigate new puzzles. I’m simply saying – I want you to put yourselves in a position to succeed! Nonverbal Communication, Part II While the study of nonverbal behavior dates back to the late 19th century,  there’s one thing that we don’t need experimentation to prove: that nonverbal behavior is a real entity that influences interpretation, meaning and communication in general. As we discussed last week, the physicality of nonverbal behavior extends from our eyebrows down to our leg stance, and includes everything in between. But what do we get when verbal and nonverbal communication mesh? There are six ways in which verbal and nonverbal communication can interact: complementary, substitution, confliction, repetition, regulation, and moderating. †¢Complementary: Messages are interpreted more accurately when verbal and nonverbal communications complement each other. Messages are remembered better when there is no chance for misinterpreting. A smile that accompanies a positive statement, a wink that accompanies a congratulatory remark, a thumbs up that accompanies an approval – all are forms of complementary nonverbal gestures. †¢Substitution: Messages can be replaced entirely by facial expressions, body movements or gesturing, or positioning. Waving hello or goodbye replaces the spoken salutations. A slouching student can indicate disinterest or exhaustion, without the student saying as much. Raised eyebrows can indicate surprise or shock, without uttering a single syllable. †¢Confliction: Messages can be misinterpreted, misconstrued or even misleading if nonverbal cues indicate one thing, and the verbal cues indicate another. Someone on trial may be expressing a truthful statement, while avoiding eye contact or fidgeting – an indication that s/he may not be telling the truth. You are probably familiar with the clichà ©: â€Å"mixed signals.† This could serve as nickname for confliction. †¢Repetition: Messages can be repeated and reinforced simply through gesturing, for emphasis. An instructor may announce a particular topic, then point to it on a smart board, for example. †¢Regulation: Messages can be regulated through physical touches that cause no bodily harm or threat, but merely call attention. For example, if two people are speaking and a third person touches the arm of one, that clearly means that s/he wants the attention of one of the participants. Raising your hand in class when you have a response is another form of regulation. †¢Moderating: Messages can be emphasized, highlighted or even dramatically  altered with moderating gestures. Someone angry might shake a fist or experience a changed pace of breathing. Someone nervous might pace. Someone excited might fidget or rock in a chair. How Can You Create a ‘Great’ Persuasive Speech? As we get closer to delivering the final Persuasive Speech, I want to offer you a few tips to keep in mind as you make your final preparations! †¢Support your claims with solid evidence.   If you are hoping to put an end to something like the global greenhouse crisis, prove that such a crisis exists first. The funny thing about evidence is: more doesn’t always mean better. Think quality, not quantity. †¢Give your audience a way to help. Assert your stance and call for action. Propose a solution or a way for the audience to get involved. Audience members are often asking: â€Å"What can I do to help?† Don’t leave them wondering. †¢Make sure what you’re asking of the audience is reasonable. â€Å"We need to switch to all-organic diets and never drink non-filtered water again!† That’s probably a bit far-fetched, and highly unlikely that you’ll be taken seriously. †¢Expect and embrace controversy! Speak about a topic that emotionally impacts you and tell us why. You’ve chosen a topic some time ago, so make it clear why you’re so vested in this debate. †¢Honor the time limits.   The persuasive speech will be 8-10 minutes long. I have worked with some faculty who watch up to the maximum time, and grade how you’ve done to that point. So if your speech is 11 minutes long, this instructor would’ve missed the last minute! Be conscious of the clock. †¢Strive to challenge and change your audiences’ attitudes, values, and beliefs. You’re not going to convince everyone, but you can certainly ask your audience to hear you out and respect your opinion. Always be polite, courteous, and direct. †¢Nobody knows it all, and your information came from somewhere. So tell us where! This ties into the first point about supporting your claims with solid evidence. Cite your sources, give credit where it’s due, and your  credibility will benefit as a result. Additional Types of Public Speaking â€Å"Make sure you have finished speaking before your audience has finished listening.† — Dorothy Sarnoff, American musical theatre actress and self-help expert Each week we’ll take a close look at some of the different types of public speeches out there. This week, let’s look at three that you may be familiar with: Award Presentations, Eulogy, and Roast. Award Presentations Award presentations are typically straightforward and simple. Unless the award or recognition is meant to be a surprise, always start with the awardee’s name (and always make sure you pronounce it correctly). Talk about the criterion for the award – why was the winner chosen? Who recommended him/her? List the achievements that made the winner worthy, and use vivid, powerful examples to illustrate why the winner is deserving of the recognition. Touch on the interpersonal side, too. What characteristics does the winner possess, that are admirable and commendable? Point them out. Usually there’s a trophy, plaque or certificate involved in an award presentation, so make sure you explain the significance of the item the winner is receiving. And one last bit of advice: when the winner comes to the stage to receive the award, hand it to him/her with the left hand, so that you can shake with the right! Eulogy Without question, eulogies can be the most painful and emotionally drawing speech there is. But it can also be uplifting. Eulogies offer hope – they combat grief with happiness and emphasize the positive qualities of the person who has died. Eulogies are commonly linked to religious figures, but  that’s not always the case. Sometimes family members or close friends of the deceased speak on his/her behalf, as the orator is required to offer perspective, comfort and reassurance to in attendance. When delivering a eulogy, it’s critical to acknowledge the feelings of loss, sadness, shock, even anger – but touch on them, don’t linger. Try to stay on brighter notes, and recall positive memories and recollections that others might not have experienced. Highlight the person’s legacy and their contributions to those around them. Use language of inclusion – things like â€Å"I know that many of us have seen†¦Ã¢â‚¬  or â€Å"All of us who cared for†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Tie concepts of life and death together with universalities like the circle of life or the immortality of the human spirit. Roast Roasts are most commonly known for their comedic value, as has been demonstrated on various celebrity roasts on the television channel, Comedy Central. These speech engagements are meant to be light-hearted and poke fun at a suspecting target – but it’s not spiteful or angered. It’s a teasing, satirical style that parodies a person’s life, lifestyle, occupations, habits, history, etc. Anything goes in a roast – and the irony is that it teases with the truth. Roasts are an art that has evolved into a vastly different engagement that it was a few short decades ago. It’s best illustrated by showing, rather than telling. Consider: Ronald Reagan’s roast of Frank Sinatra in 1977: I chose question B. I felt she was very energetic and did an excellent job using gestures and adjusting her vocal tone and pace to keep your attention.  She put in some of her own humor which always keeps the crowd interested. I also feel she did a great job with her eye contact. She didn’t stay focused on one area of the room for too long. Overall she had a great speech and it showed that she does this often. Wonderful self confidence and presentation.